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This cross-sectional sequential study investigated the link between vegetable diversity available (“production”) and dietary diversity of women (“consumption”) in three different districts of rural Tanzania. Furthermore, the relationship between the nutritional health status of participants and cropping and dietary diversity was analysed. The study was carried out during three different seasons within one year (2006/2007) in 18 villages of three districts in north-eastern and central Tanzania including 252 women. The survey included an individual interview on vegetable production, food consumption (i.a. 24h-recall, 7drecall on vegetables) and nutritional knowledge, and the measurement of body mass index (BMI), haemoglobin (Hb) for iron status and different parameters for vitamin A status. Besides studying single nutrients, food groups and health problems, also a more holistic view was taken on dietary diversity/food variety and dietary patterns and their relationships with nutritional status and vegetable production. Relationships were investigated both through bivariate correlations and multiple regression analysis; dietary diversity and food variety scores were calculated and dietary patterns were generated through principal component analysis (PCA) as well as cluster analysis. Regarding the link between production and consumption, there was a clear relationship between vegetable diversity produced and diversity consumed, while this was not so clear between production and consumption quantity, except for single seasons. Influencing factors on consumed vegetable quantity were suggested to be seasonality; the purchase of additional vegetables (especially exotic) next to home-grown ones; and knowledge, attitudes and preferences of women regarding vegetable consumption. When analysing food patterns, no direct association between diversity of vegetable cropping and vegetable consumption was established. Yet, for the study population in Tanzania it was found that food consumption was (still) influenced by local production and that, therefore, food consumption issues should always integrate existing food production and vice versa. The link established between food consumption and nutritional health data of the present study showed that the obesity epidemic is on the rise, even in rural, poor and underdeveloped regions of Tanzania. Furthermore, it was found that a high dietary diversity is not per se a guarantee for a healthy diet, yet, food types and food groups that contribute to a high diversity are decisive. A direct link between production and nutritional health could only partly be shown. Obviously, the focus on vegetable production seems to be not sufficient, but overall food production needs to be taken into account. Further recommendations for future research are, i.a., to investigate the influence of exotic vegetables and, generally, exotic foods in production and consumption on nutritional health; to enhance dietary diversity scores as a tool for assessing dietary diversity together with dietary quality; to eleborate dietary guidelines for Tanzania, preferably district- or area-wise; to investigate the nutrition transition in Tanzania especially in rural areas with a focus on the nutritional knowledge of people, their attitudes, preferences (e.g. taste) and behaviour
Currently 868 million people are undernourished and 195 million children under five years of age are stunted. At the same time, over 1 billion people are overweight and obese in both the developed and developing world. Diseases previously associated with affluence, such as cancer, diabetes and cardio-vascular disease, are on the rise. Food system-based approaches to addressing these problems that could enhance food availability and diet quality through local production and agricultural biodiversity often fall outside the traditional scope of nutrition, and have been under-researched. As a consequence, there remains insufficient evidence to support well-defined, scalable agricultural biodiversity interventions that can be linked to improvements in nutrition outcomes. Agricultural biodiversity is important for food and nutritional security, as a safeguard against hunger, a source of nutrients for improved dietary diversity and quality, and strengthening local food systems and environmental sustainability. This book explores the current state of knowledge on the role of agricultural biodiversity in improving diets, nutrition and food security. Using examples and case studies from around the globe, the book explores current strategies for improving nutrition and diets and identifies key research and implementation gaps that need to be addressed to successfully promote the better use of agricultural biodiversity for rural and urban populations and societies in transition.
Introduction; Purpose and approach; Nutritional analysis; Consumers perspective; Production aspects; Seed sector; Collections of indigenous vegetable germplasm; Conclusion; Bibliography; Annex; List of tables.
The fundamental purpose of agriculture is not just to produce food and raw materials, but also to grow healthy, well-nourished people. One of the sector’s most important tasks then is to provide food of sufficient quantity and quality to feed and nourish the world’s population sustainably so that all people can lead healthy, productive lives. Achieving this goal will require closer collaboration across the sectors of agriculture, nutrition, and health, which have long operated in separate spheres with little recognition of how their actions affect each other. It is time for agriculture, nutrition, and health to join forces in pursuit of the common goal of improving human well-being. In Reshaping Agriculture for Nutrition and Health, leading experts, practitioners, and policymakers explore the links among agriculture, nutrition, and health and identify ways to strengthen related policies and programs. The chapters in this book were originally commissioned as background papers or policy briefs for the conference “Leveraging Agriculture for Improving Nutrition and Health,” facilitated by the International Food Policy Research Institute’s 2020 Vision Initiative in New Delhi, India, in February 2011.
Farmers play a crucial role in the preservation and sustainable use of agrobiodiversity. In fact, the diversity of species that support our current agricultural production systems has been carefully managed and shaped by farming communities, over the course of the history of humankind. Farmers act as custodian of the Earth’s agrobiodiversity resources, and play a big part in preserving traditional plant and animal varieties, and the knowledge associated with these. FAO has long been working on promoting approaches to agriculture that enable both the sustainable use of biodiversity resources for food and agriculture, and their conservation, and on supporting farmers to make informed decisions on their farm management and production practices. This training manual fits in this broader commitment, to support a shift towards a paradigm of agricultural production that can sustain food and nutrition security while at the same time cause the least harm to natural ecosystems. The manual is intended as an introduction to agricultural biodiversity, and to its relevance to different aspects of agricultural production and management for smallholder farmers in Kenya. It includes eight different training modules, each covering a specific aspect related to agrobiodiversity. The modules are standalone and can be used independently one from the other, depending on the user’s or project’s aim. The materials were originally prepared within the FAO- Netherlands Partnership Programme (FNPP) and have been updated, revised and published under the second phase of the European Union-funded project “Capacity-building related to multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) in Africa, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries”.
First Published in 2009. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
This book, inclusive of 19 chapters, provides discussions on the benefits and limitations of food-based approaches for the prevention and control of micronutrient malnutrition. Different chapters focus on specific relevant topics, including current developments in food-based approaches and their program applications, relevance of agricultural interventions to nutrition, impact of multi-sectoral programmes with food-based approaches components in alleviating undernutrition and micronutrient malnutrition, animal-source foods as a food-based approach to address nutrient deficiencies, aquaculture's role in improving food and nutrition security, benefits of vegetables and fruits in preventing and combating micronutrient malnutrition, benefits of food-based approaches for overcoming single specific micronutrient deficiencies, and food fortification. This book will be of great use to professionals interested in public health, human nutrition, micronutrient deficiency interventions, food and nutrition security policy interventions, and agricultural research.
The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the vulnerability of agrifood systems to shocks and stresses and led to increased global food insecurity and malnutrition. Action is needed to make agrifood systems more resilient, efficient, sustainable and inclusive. The State of Food and Agriculture 2021 presents country-level indicators of the resilience of agrifood systems. The indicators measure the robustness of primary production and food availability, as well as physical and economic access to food. They can thus help assess the capacity of national agrifood systems to absorb shocks and stresses, a key aspect of resilience. The report analyses the vulnerabilities of food supply chains and how rural households cope with risks and shocks. It discusses options to minimize trade-offs that building resilience may have with efficiency and inclusivity. The aim is to offer guidance on policies to enhance food supply chain resilience, support livelihoods in the agrifood system and, in the face of disruption, ensure sustainable access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to all.
Currently 868 million people are undernourished and 195 million children under five years of age are stunted. At the same time, over 1 billion people are overweight and obese in both the developed and developing world. Diseases previously associated with affluence, such as cancer, diabetes and cardio-vascular disease, are on the rise. Food system-based approaches to addressing these problems that could enhance food availability and diet quality through local production and agricultural biodiversity often fall outside the traditional scope of nutrition, and have been under-researched. As a consequence, there remains insufficient evidence to support well-defined, scalable agricultural biodiversity interventions that can be linked to improvements in nutrition outcomes. Agricultural biodiversity is important for food and nutritional security, as a safeguard against hunger, a source of nutrients for improved dietary diversity and quality, and strengthening local food systems and environmental sustainability. This book explores the current state of knowledge on the role of agricultural biodiversity in improving diets, nutrition and food security. Using examples and case studies from around the globe, the book explores current strategies for improving nutrition and diets and identifies key research and implementation gaps that need to be addressed to successfully promote the better use of agricultural biodiversity for rural and urban populations and societies in transition.