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Linear Differential Equations and Function Spaces
This textbook is a completely revised, updated, and expanded English edition of the important Analyse fonctionnelle (1983). In addition, it contains a wealth of problems and exercises (with solutions) to guide the reader. Uniquely, this book presents in a coherent, concise and unified way the main results from functional analysis together with the main results from the theory of partial differential equations (PDEs). Although there are many books on functional analysis and many on PDEs, this is the first to cover both of these closely connected topics. Since the French book was first published, it has been translated into Spanish, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Romanian, Greek and Chinese. The English edition makes a welcome addition to this list.
The theory of elliptic boundary problems is fundamental in analysis and the role of spaces of weakly differentiable functions (also called Sobolev spaces) is essential in this theory as a tool for analysing the regularity of the solutions. This book offers on the one hand a complete theory of Sobolev spaces, which are of fundamental importance for elliptic linear and non-linear differential equations, and explains on the other hand how the abstract methods of convex analysis can be combined with this theory to produce existence results for the solutions of non-linear elliptic boundary problems. The book also considers other kinds of functional spaces which are useful for treating variational problems such as the minimal surface problem. The main purpose of the book is to provide a tool for graduate and postgraduate students interested in partial differential equations, as well as a useful reference for researchers active in the field. Prerequisites include a knowledge of classical analysis, differential calculus, Banach and Hilbert spaces, integration and the related standard functional spaces, as well as the Fourier transformation on the Schwartz space. There are complete and detailed proofs of almost all the results announced and, in some cases, more than one proof is provided in order to highlight different features of the result. Each chapter concludes with a range of exercises of varying levels of difficulty, with hints to solutions provided for many of them.
This advanced book focuses on ordinary differential equations (ODEs) in Banach and more general locally convex spaces, most notably the ODEs on measures and various function spaces. It briefly discusses the fundamentals before moving on to the cutting edge research in linear and nonlinear partial and pseudo-differential equations, general kinetic equations and fractional evolutions. The level of generality chosen is suitable for the study of the most important nonlinear equations of mathematical physics, such as Boltzmann, Smoluchovskii, Vlasov, Landau-Fokker-Planck, Cahn-Hilliard, Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman, nonlinear Schroedinger, McKean-Vlasov diffusions and their nonlocal extensions, mass-action-law kinetics from chemistry. It also covers nonlinear evolutions arising in evolutionary biology and mean-field games, optimization theory, epidemics and system biology, in general models of interacting particles or agents describing splitting and merging, collisions and breakage, mutations and the preferential-attachment growth on networks. The book is intended mainly for upper undergraduate and graduate students, but is also of use to researchers in differential equations and their applications. It particularly highlights the interconnections between various topics revealing where and how a particular result is used in other chapters or may be used in other contexts, and also clarifies the links between the languages of pseudo-differential operators, generalized functions, operator theory, abstract linear spaces, fractional calculus and path integrals.
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . xiii § 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS. BASIC NOTIONS . 3 § 2. EQUATIONS WITH A CLOSED OPERATOR 6 § 3. THE ADJOINT EQUATION . . . . . . 10 § 4. THE EQUATION ADJOINT TO THE FACTORED EQUATION. 17 § 5. AN EQUATION WITH A CLOSED OPERATOR WHICH HAS A DENSE DOMAIN 18 NORMALLY SOLVABLE EQUATIONS WITH FINITE DIMENSIONAL KERNEL. 22 § 6. A PRIORI ESTIMATES .. . . . . . 24 § 7. EQUATIONS WITH FINITE DEFECT . . . 27 § 8. § 9. SOME DIFFERENT ADJOINT EQUATIONS . 30 § 10. LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS OF EQUATIONS 33 TRANSFORMATIONS OF d-NORMAL EQUATIONS . 38 § 11. § 12. NOETHERIAN EQUATIONS. INDEX. . . . . . 42 § 13. EQUATIONS WITH OPERATORS WHICH ACT IN A SINGLE SPACE 44 § 14. FREDHOLM EQUATIONS. REGULARIZATION OF EQUATIONS 46 § 15. LINEAR CHANGES OF VARIABLE . . . . . . . . 50 § 16. STABILITY OF THE PROPERTIES OF AN EQUATION 53 OVERDETERMINED EQUATIONS 59 § 17. § 18. UNDETERMINED EQUATIONS 62 § 19. INTEGRAL EQUATIONS . . . 65 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS . 80 § 20. APPENDIX. BASIC RESULTS FROM FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS USED IN THE TEXT 95 LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 99 . . PRE F ACE The basic material appearing in this book represents the substance v of a special series of lectures given by the author at Voronez University in 1968/69, and, in part, at Dagestan University in 1970.
This encyclopedic work covers the whole area of Partial Differential Equations - of the elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic type - in two and several variables. Emphasis is placed on the connection of PDEs and complex variable methods. This second volume addresses Solvability of operator equations in Banach spaces; Linear operators in Hilbert spaces and spectral theory; Schauder's theory of linear elliptic differential equations; Weak solutions of differential equations; Nonlinear partial differential equations and characteristics; Nonlinear elliptic systems with differential-geometric applications. While partial differential equations are solved via integral representations in the preceding volume, this volume uses functional analytic solution methods.
Techniques of Functional Analysis for Differential and Integral Equations describes a variety of powerful and modern tools from mathematical analysis, for graduate study and further research in ordinary differential equations, integral equations and partial differential equations. Knowledge of these techniques is particularly useful as preparation for graduate courses and PhD research in differential equations and numerical analysis, and more specialized topics such as fluid dynamics and control theory. Striking a balance between mathematical depth and accessibility, proofs involving more technical aspects of measure and integration theory are avoided, but clear statements and precise alternative references are given . The work provides many examples and exercises drawn from the literature. - Provides an introduction to mathematical techniques widely used in applied mathematics and needed for advanced research in ordinary and partial differential equations, integral equations, numerical analysis, fluid dynamics and other areas - Establishes the advanced background needed for sophisticated literature review and research in differential equations and integral equations - Suitable for use as a textbook for a two semester graduate level course for M.S. and Ph.D. students in Mathematics and Applied Mathematics
This monograph is concerned with the basic results on Cauchy problems associated with nonlinear monotone operators in Banach spaces with applications to partial differential equations of evolutive type. It focuses on major results in recent decades.
Our understanding of the fundamental processes of the natural world is based to a large extent on partial differential equations (PDEs). The second edition of Partial Differential Equations provides an introduction to the basic properties of PDEs and the ideas and techniques that have proven useful in analyzing them. It provides the student a broad perspective on the subject, illustrates the incredibly rich variety of phenomena encompassed by it, and imparts a working knowledge of the most important techniques of analysis of the solutions of the equations. In this book mathematical jargon is minimized. Our focus is on the three most classical PDEs: the wave, heat and Laplace equations. Advanced concepts are introduced frequently but with the least possible technicalities. The book is flexibly designed for juniors, seniors or beginning graduate students in science, engineering or mathematics.
It is hardly an exaggeration to say that, if the study of general topolog ical vector spaces is justified at all, it is because of the needs of distribu tion and Linear PDE * theories (to which one may add the theory of convolution in spaces of hoi om orphic functions). The theorems based on TVS ** theory are generally of the "foundation" type: they will often be statements of equivalence between, say, the existence - or the approx imability -of solutions to an equation Pu = v, and certain more "formal" properties of the differential operator P, for example that P be elliptic or hyperboJic, together with properties of the manifold X on which P is defined. The latter are generally geometric or topological, e. g. that X be P-convex (Definition 20. 1). Also, naturally, suitable conditions will have to be imposed upon the data, the v's, and upon the stock of possible solutions u. The effect of such theorems is to subdivide the study of an equation like Pu = v into two quite different stages. In the first stage, we shall look for the relevant equivalences, and if none is already available in the literature, we shall try to establish them. The second stage will consist of checking if the "formal" or "geometric" conditions are satisfied.