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The U.S defense industry and some foreign government purchasers have expressed concern that the U.S. export control process is unnecessarily burdensome. Specifically, defense industry officials have stated that extended reviews of export license applications by the State Department are resulting in lost sales and are adversely affecting the nation's defense industry. In the United States, the State Department's Office of Defense Trade Controls is the office responsible for licensing the export and temporary import of defense articles and services. In June 2001, we reported to you that the State Department completed over 46,000 license application reviews in fiscal year 2000. While the U.S. export licensing process can be lengthy because of foreign policy and national security considerations, other factors may also have an impact on processing times. Therefore, you asked us to determine whether elements of the process create delays in license application reviews.
This Manual focuses on issues essential for understanding licensing, including: the context in which licensing may occur; key terms of a licensing agreement and negotiation methods; and how to prepare for and negotiate a win-win licensing contract.
The rationale behind the Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) is that a uniform sales law will lead to improved efficiency of cross-border sales and promote international trade. However, although it continues to attract new Member States and now applies to more than 80% of global trade, commercial parties often exclude the CISG, questioning it as a desirable choice of law.
The Ascent of Market Efficiency weaves together historical narrative and quantitative bibliometric data to detail the path financial economists took in order to form one of the central theories of financial economics—the influential efficient-market hypothesis—which states that the behavior of financial markets is unpredictable. As the notorious quip goes, a blindfolded monkey would do better than a group of experts in selecting a portfolio of securities, simply by throwing darts at the financial pages of a newspaper. How did such a hypothesis come to be so influential in the field of financial economics? How did financial economists turn a lack of evidence about systematic patterns in the behavior of financial markets into a foundational approach to the study of finance? Each chapter in Simone Polillo's fascinating meld of economics, science, and sociology focuses on these questions, as well as on collaborative academic networks, and on the values and affects that kept the networks together as they struggled to define what the new field of financial economics should be about. In doing so, he introduces a new dimension—data analysis—to our understanding of the ways knowledge advances. There are patterns in the ways knowledge is produced, and The Ascent of Market Efficiency helps us make sense of these patterns by providing a general framework that can be applied equally to other social and human sciences.