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Libel and Lampoon shows how English satire and the law mutually shaped each other during the long eighteenth century. Following the lapse of prepublication licensing in 1695, the authorities quickly turned to the courts and newly repurposed libel laws in an attempt to regulate the press. In response, satirists and their booksellers devised a range of evasions. Writers increasingly capitalized on forms of verbal ambiguity, including irony, allegory, circumlocution, and indirection, while shifty printers and booksellers turned to a host of publication ruses that complicated the mechanics of both detection and prosecution. In effect, the elegant insults, comical periphrases, and booksellers' tricks that came to typify eighteenth-century satire were a way of writing and publishing born of legal necessity. Early on, these emergent satiric practices stymied the authorities and the courts. But they also led to new legislation and innovative courtroom procedures that targeted satire's most routine evasions. Especially important were a series of rulings that increased the legal liabilities of printers and booksellers and that expanded and refined doctrines for the courtroom interpretation of verbal ambiguity, irony, and allegory. By the mid-eighteenth century, satirists and their booksellers faced a range of newfound legal pressures. Rather than disappearing, however, personal and political satire began to migrate to dramatic mimicry and caricature-acoustic and visual forms that relied less on verbal ambiguity and were therefore not subject to either the provisions of preperformance dramatic licensing or the courtroom interpretive procedures that had earlier enabled the prosecution of printed satire.
This volume offers an account of English literary culture in one of its most volatile and politically engaged moments. From the work of Milton and Marvell in the 1650s and 1660s through the brilliant careers of Dryden, Rochester, and Behn, Locke and Astell, Swift and Defoe, Pope and Montagu, the pressures and extremes of social, political, and sexual experience are everywhere reflected in literary texts: in the daring lyrics and intricate political allegories of this age, in the vitriol and bristling topicality of its satires as well as in the imaginative flight of its mock epics, fictions, and heroic verse. The volume's chronologies and select bibliographies will guide the reader through texts and events, while the fourteen essays commissioned for this Companion will allow us to read the period anew.
Have you struggled for just the right phrase when grappling with a class assignment? Crafting an office memo, do you want greater clarity and concision? Pounding away at a last-minute blog entry, haven't you ever thought, There has to be a better word for this? Now there is. Under the time-tested and respected banner of Roget's Thesaurus, here is an array of words and their definitions organized by meaning. With this volume at your side, you need never be stalled or stymied for an appropriate expression, whether speaking of the higher reaches of philosophy or holding forth on art, music, or poetry--or other highbrow pastimes. The more you expand your vocabulary, the richer and clearer your writing and conversation will become. And the better you'll be able to say exactly what you mean, joining intellectual discussions with confidence that you've found just the right words.
The Comparative Vocabulary Study Guide, Spanish to English to Italian, highlights over 7,000 selected Spanish words that have either the same spelling and meaning as their English and Italian counterparts or contain easily recognizable English and Italian meanings. This guide jump-starts the student into a knowledge of Spanish or English or Italian, or all three, by concentrating on easily recognizable words common to these languages. It teaches a basic vocabulary by word association. This guide is designed after the "vocabulary first" method of language instruction as advocated by the author. The student then is taught how to structure a particular vocabulary into meaningful sentences and concepts.