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Energie
Traditional transport planning has generated transport systems that propagate an unfair distribution of accessibility and have environmental and safety issues. This book highlights the importance of social and political aspects of transport policy and provides a methodology to support this approach. It emphasizes the importance of co-ordinating urban, transport and traffic planning, and addresses the major challenge of modifying the building and use of roads. The author makes suggestions for innovative and radical new measures towards an equitable and sustainable urban environment.
The "European Yearbook" promotes the scientific study of nineteen European supranational organisations and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Each volume contains a detailed survey of the history, structure and yearly activities of each organisation and an up-to-date chart providing a clear overview of the member states of each organisation. In addition, a number of articles on topics of general interest are included in each volume. A general index by subject and name, and a cumulative index of all the articles which have appeared in the "Yearbook," are included in every volume and provide direct access to the "Yearbook"'s subject matter. Each volume contains a comprehensive bibliography covering the year's relevant publications. This is an indispensable work of reference for anyone dealing with the European institutions.
Pour assurer une production de biens de qualité, de manière fiable et dans des délais maîtrisés, les organisations ont besoin d’outils d'exécution optimale de tâches tels que l’ordonnancement. Le succès des méthodologies de résolution des problèmes d’ordonnancement de production basées sur les métaheuristiques s’explique par leur capacité à fournir des solutions proches de l’optimum, dans des temps raisonnables. Cet ouvrage se consacre, dans un premier temps, aux métaheuristiques appliquées aux problèmes d’ordonnancement multicritère, qui sont des cas particuliers des problèmes d’optimisation combinatoire multicritère, généralement NP-difficiles. Puis, il s’intéresse aux préoccupations d’ordonnancement dans le secteur du transport qui suscitent également de multiples problèmes d’optimisation. Deux grands domaines d’application se distinguent, celui des systèmes de transport et celui des ressources de transport intervenant dans un atelier.
The year 2000's most significant international event was, almost certainly, neither political nor military, but scientific - the announcement, in June, that the human genome had been almost totally decoded. Future generations may well see this as a major turning point, opening the way to radical changes in diagnosis, prognosis, and medical treatment. Often compared with the space programme, this vast enterprise still generates misgivings: this new power, which human beings now have, to modify the genetic heritage of living creatures raises fundamentally new ethical questions - and society as a whole will have to find the answers. In fact, the accelerating pace of scientific and technical progress seems to be reviving atavistic anxieties, some rational, others less so. Recent public-health crises, including the mad cow disease' scare, which lasted into 2000, have fuelled these fears. The public's rejection of GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) - verging on a crusade in some countries - tells its own story. As regards conflict, 2000 saw the Middle East peace process grind to a halt, and the Intifada resume. In Europe, the situation in Kosovo and Chechnya, both the scenes of fighting in 1999, stayed precarious. Peace and democracy did score some successes, however, particularly in Europe: the centre-left's victory in Croatia, sweeping former President Tudjman's party off the scene, the democratic party's triumph in Bosnia, and the fall of the Milosevic regime in Serbia.
The European Yearbook promotes the scientific study of nineteen European supranational organisations and the OECD. Each volume contains a detailed survey of the history, structure and yearly activities of each organisation and an up-to-date chart providing a clear overview of the member states of each organisation.
The Treaty of Rome makes no mention of the Mediterranean basin as such, inc1udes not a single provision for the defining of specific relations with that region as a whole. There are only, as a hang-over from the French and Italian colonialist past, certain Dec1arations, in the Appendices, regard ing a possible association of Tunis, Morocco, Libya with the new under taking. And, of course, there is Artic1e 113 prescribing, at the end of the Community's transition period, the common trade policy - plus the Artic1e (238) giving blanket authorisation for association agreements. These legal prescriptions were duly implemented in the Association Agreements with Greece (1961) and Turkey (1963) and have supplied the basis for bilateral instruments in respect of other Mediterranean lands - ad hoc, pragmatic ar rangements. In the circumstances the Community could scarcely have proceeded otherwise. Yet the outlines of a European economic policy with regard to the countries of the Mediterranean basin were there from the beginning -limited, however, over the years by the internal development of the Community itself. One is reminded in this connection of sundry invoca tions by European and Mediterranean personalities and members of the European Commission - and, specifically, of a Memorandum presented by Italy to the Council of Ministers in 1964.
The "European Yearbook" promotes the scientific study of nineteen European supranational organisations, including the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Each volume contains a detailed survey of the history, structure and yearly activities of each organisation and an up-to-date chart providing a clear overview of the member states of each organisation. In addition, a number of articles on topics of general interest are included in each volume. A general index by subject and name, and a cumulative index of all the articles which have appeared in the "Yearbook," are included in every volume and provide direct access to the "Yearbook"'s subject matter. Each volume contains a comprehensive bibliography covering the year's relevant publications. This is an indispensable work of reference for anyone dealing with the European institutions.