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L'objet de ce travail de thèse est l'exploration des facteurs qui influencent la réussite académique des étudiants (n= 1447) dans les Instituts Universitaires de Technologie (IUT) tout au long des deux années que dure la préparation du diplôme universitaire de technologie (DUT). La réussite dans l'enseignement supérieur en France semble très liée au baccalauréat obtenu et à son niveau deréussite (Duru-Bellat & Kieffer, 2008), les IUT présentent de ce point de vue une double singularité intéressante pour explorer cette question. Comparés aux autres filières de l'Université française, les bacheliers technologiques y sont proportionnellement plus nombreux et y réussissent mieux. Ces instituts sont en cela fidèles à leur rôle institutionnel. Néanmoins, la proportion des bachelierstechnologiques décroît sur le long terme et ils y réussissent moins bien que leurs homologues des baccalauréats généraux.Cette exploration des facteurs de réussite passe par une modélisation statistique de la moyenne de fin de semestre, à la fois intégrative et longitudinale. L'objectif est alors de discerner les facteurs ayant le plus d'influence sur la performance et la progression durant un semestre. Le cadre théorique retenu contient quatre familles de variables. La première rassemble les caractéristiques personnelles des individus lors de leur entrée à l'IUT, la deuxième porte sur leur perception du contexte académique, la troisième et la quatrième sont respectivement constituées de leur motivation et de leur engagement dans l'apprentissage. Ces familles de variables sont introduites par bloc pour la première année suivant un schéma global préétabli.Cette spécification a mis en évidence l'importance du passé scolaire parmi les caractéristiques personnelles en début d'IUT. Dans le contexte académique, l'implication enseignante perçue est la variable la plus influente. Pour la motivation, le Sentiment d'Efficacité Personnel possèdel'influence la plus marquée. Enfin, les dimensions cognitives et comportementales de l'engagement ont émergé avec l'apprentissage en surface et la régulation des ressources disponibles respectivement. Exception faite de l'implication enseignante, les dimensions psychosociales perdent de leur influence au fur et à mesure que le temps passe, phénomène assimilable à une élasticité décroissante de la moyenne avec le temps. Enfin, le constat le plus massif est l'effet des variables du passé scolaire, notamment le type de baccalauréat et la mention. Ces variables ne sont quasiment pas médiatisées par les autres variables sauf s'il s'agit d'indicateurs de la performance académique comme la moyenne d'un semestre par exemple. L'écart en fin de première année entre bacheliers technologiques et scientifiques est très important, il équivaut à environ deux niveaux de mention au baccalauréat. De plus, la progression des bacheliers technologiques s'avère plus difficile que celle des scientifiques au second semestre et l'écart entre ces types de bacheliers tend à diminuer en fin de deuxième année. Même si un surcroît de motivation, une meilleure orientation de l'engagement sont des leviers pour favoriser la réussite des bacheliers technologiques, la grandeur des effets attendus ne permet pas de penser qu'il s'agit de solutions suffisantes pour combler le fossé observé. Cette explication des différences par l'amont, bien que convaincante, n'est toutefois pas suffisante pour expliquer les observations conditionnées aux différents cursus : il semble bien exister des établissements ou des cursus plus ou moins favorables aux bacheliers technologiques.
This book discusses research and theory on how motivation changes as children progress through school, gender differences in motivation, and motivational differences as an aspect of ethnicity. Motivation is discussed within the context of school achievement as well as athletic and musical performance. Key Features * Coverage of the major theories and constructs in the motivation field * Focus on developmental issues across the elementary and secondary school period * Discussion of instructional and theoretical issues regarding motivation * Consideration of gender and ethnic differences in motivation
"Your Mindful Compass" takes us behind the emotional curtain to see the mechanisms regulating individuals in social systems. There is great comfort and wisdom in knowing we can increase our awareness to manage the swift and ancient mechanisms of social control. We can gain greater flexibility by seeing how social controls work in systems from ants to humans. To be less controlled by others, we learn how emotional systems influence our relationship-oriented brain. People want to know what goes on in families that give rise to amazing leaders and/or terrorists. For the first time in history we can understand the systems in which we live. The social sciences have been accumulating knowledge since the early fifties as to how we are regulated by others. S. Milgram, S. Ashe, P. Zimbardo and J. Calhoun, detail the vulnerability to being duped and deceived and the difficulty of cooperating when values differ. Murray Bowen, M.D., the first researcher to observe several live-in families, for up to three years, at the National Institute of Mental Health. Describing how family members overly influence one another and distribute stress unevenly, Bowen described both how symptoms and family leaders emerge in highly stressed families. Our brain is not organized to automatically perceive that each family has an emotional system, fine-tuned by evolution and "valuing" its survival as a whole, as much as the survival of any individual. It is easier to see this emotional system function in ants or mice but not in humans. The emotional system is organized to snooker us humans: encouraging us to take sides, run away from others, to pressure others, to get sick, to blame others, and to have great difficulty in seeing our part in problems. It is hard to see that we become anxious, stressed out and even that we are difficult to deal with. But "thinking systems" can open the doors of perception, allowing us to experience the world in a different way. This book offers both coaching ideas and stories from leaders as to strategies to break out from social control by de-triangling, using paradoxes, reversals and other types of interruptions of highly linked emotional processes. Time is needed to think clearly about the automatic nature of the two against one triangle. Time and experience is required as we learn strategies to put two people together and get self outside the control of the system. In addition, it takes time to clarify and define one's principles, to know what "I" will or will not do and to be able to take a stand with others with whom we are very involved. The good news is that systems' thinking is possible for anyone. It is always possible for an individual to understand feelings and to integrate them with their more rational brains. In so doing, an individual increases his or her ability to communicate despite misunderstandings or even rejection from important others. The effort involved in creating your Mindful Compass enables us to perceive the relationship system without experiencing it's threats. The four points on the Mindful Compass are: 1) Action for Self, 2) Resistance to Forward Progress, 3) Knowledge of Social Systems and the 4) The Ability to Stand Alone. Each gives us a view of the process one enters when making an effort to define a self and build an emotional backbone. It is not easy to find our way through the social jungle. The ability to know emotional systems well enough to take a position for self and to become more differentiated is part of the natural way humans cope with pressure. Now people can use available knowledge to build an emotional backbone, by thoughtfully altering their part in the relationship system. No one knows how far one can go by making an effort to be more of a self-defined individual in relationships to others. Through increasing emotional maturity, we can find greater individual freedom at the same time that we increase our ability to cooperate and to be close to others.
Le terme promotion de la santé en Afrique, près de 30 ans après l'adoption de la Charte d'Ottawa, continue d'avoir des connotations complètement hors du sens que lui confère cette charte. Cela n'est pas étonnant quand on sait que la notion de santé dans ce contexte africain équivaut à la lutte contre la maladie à travers les soins de santé dispensés par des professionnels de la santé dans des formations sanitaires et les hôpitaux. L'évolution que connait le continent depuis quelques décennies est de donner un peu plus de place à la communauté à travers les relais communautaires dans une participation communautaire vidée de son contenu, car le pouvoir n'est jamais passé entre les mains des communautés.C'est au vu de tout ceci que le présent ouvrage à sa raison d'être pour expliquer les fondements de l'autonomisation communautaire et de la promotion de la santé avec leur importance pour la région africaine en proie aux mauvais indicateurs de santé comparativement aux autres régions du monde.
Innovate Bristol highlights and celebrates those companies and individuals that are actively working at building a better tomorrow for all. Innovation Ecosystems thrive through the involvement and support of companies and individuals from all industries, which is why the Innovate series not only focuses on the innovators but also those people whom the Innovation Ecosystem, would not be able to thrive without.
The primary focus of this book is on a specific outcome of the rule of law: the practical enforcement of laws and policies, and the determinants of this enforcement, or lack thereof. Are there significant and persistent differences in implementation across countries? Why are some laws and policies more systematically enforced than others? Are “good†? laws likely to be enacted, and if not, what stands in the way? We answer these questions using a theoretical framework and detailed empirical data and illustrate with case studies from Morocco, Tunisia and Jordan. We believe that the best way to understand the variation in the drafting and implementation of laws and policies is to examine the interests and incentives of those responsible for these tasks †“ policymakers and bureaucrats. If laws and their enforcement offer concrete benefits to these ruling elites, they are more likely to be systematically enforced. If they don't, implementation is selective, discretionary, if not nil. Our first contribution is in extending the application of the concept of the rule of law beyond its traditional focus on specific organizations like the courts and the police, to economic sectors such as customs, taxation and land inheritance, in a search for a direct causal relationship with economic development outcomes. Instead of limiting ourselves to a particular type of organization or a legalistic approach to the rule of law, we present a broader theory of how laws are made and implemented across different types of sectors and organizations. Our second contribution is in demonstrating how powerful interests affect implementation outcomes. The incentives elites have to build and support rule-of-law institutions derive from the distribution of power in society, which is partly a historical given. The point we make is that it is not deterministic. Realigning the incentive structures for reform among key actors and organizations, through accountability and competition, can dramatically improve the chances that rule-of-law institutions will take root. On the other hand, building the capacity of organizations without first changing institutional incentives is likely to lead to perverse outcomes.