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This volume examines the impact of advances in genetics and assisted reproduction technologies on family law, human rights and the rights of the child, including the effects of international treaties on national legislation. It surveys the theoretical, ethical and legal discussions with regard to biotechnology and family law issues and the search for a balance between safeguarding respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and the need to ensure freedom of research. However, biotechnology impinges not only on isolated individuals and their rights, but also on unborn children, the family as a network of living relationships and the basic structure of any society, as well as the foundation of parentage and kinship, social organization as a whole and, finally, mankind itself. As the attention of the World turns to cloning, this book will contribute to the search for a balance between the rights and freedoms of born and yet to be born human beings and the quest for new technologies.
Parce que la santé est un équilibre entre le bien-être physique, mental et social, elle est liée aux droits fondamentaux dont devrait bénéficier toute personne dans une société démocratique. Le droit biomédical exprime un point de rencontre entre la science, la médecine, l'éthique et le droit avec leurs effets sur l'être humain. Ce qui soulève de nombreuses questions juridiques. La liberté personnelle confère une place centrale au droit à l'autodétermination. Lorsque la personne est incapable d'exprimer sa volonté, qui décide à sa place? Les directives anticipées sont-elles contraignantes pour les soignants? Quels sont les droits des proches qui accompagnent une personne en fin de vie? La maîtrise des choix procréatifs entraîne-t-elle un droit à la procréation médicalement assistée? Quel est le devenir des embryons qui ne peuvent être implantés? L'enfant a-t-il un droit de connaître son père biologique? Dans quelle mesure l'essor de la médecine prédictive insufflé par la génétique remet en cause les droits de l'individu à son identité et à sa vie privée? Comment garantir une répartition équitable des organes à transplanter? A quelles conditions une recherche sur un être humain est-elle autorisée? Quels sont les droits de la personne sur ses éléments biologiques stockés dans une biobanque? Pour répondre à ces questions, l'auteure, professeure ordinaire à la Faculté de droit de l'Université de Genève, rend compte de l'état du droit de manière claire et accessible.
In October 2005, UNESCO Member States adopted by acclamation the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. For the first time in the history of bioethics, some 190 countries committed themselves and the international community to respect and apply fundamental ethical principles related to medicine, the life sciences and associated technologies. This publication provides a new impetus to the dissemination of the Declaration, and is part of the organisation's continuous effort to contribute to the understanding of its principles worldwide. The authors, who were almost all involved in the elaboration of the text of the Declaration, were asked to respond on each article: Why was it included? What does it mean? How can it be applied? Their responses shed light on the historical background of the text and its evolution throughout the drafting process. They also provide a reflection on its relevance to previous declarations and bioethical literature, and its potential interpretation and application in challenging and complex bioethical debates.
Rapid advances in genetics and medicine present both opportunities and threats to the advancement of human rights and public health in this era of globalization. While such advances contribute significantly to progress against disease, they may also pose profound global public policy concerns in that the ethical and policy considerations that follow from scientific advances lag far behind. In this context, the aim of this book is to present the current global efforts to develop common principles relating to biomedicine. Section I sets forth the pivotal role that the principle of human dignity plays in this domain, and identifies a number of other principles that can be drawn from the recent international policy documents on bioethics. Section II provides detailed commentaries on recent international instruments relating to biomedicine adopted by UNESCO and the Council of Europe. Section III elaborates upon specific biomedical human rights issues that are the subject of contemporary international standard-setting efforts, including biomedical research, population biobanks, genetic testing, and advance directives. Essays in each of these sections examine the extent to which promoting and protecting human rights has created a common framework for contemporary international lawmaking in the field of biomedicine and the strengths and limitations of international law as a tool for advancing biomedical human rights.