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This book proposes a new and original analysis of tourism employment in order to understand the multiple dimensions (economic, cultural, temporal, geographical, etc.) of this cross-cutting sector. It offers an overview of French knowledge, mainly in sociology, anthropology, geography and law, in the light of singular empirical fields. The diversity of disciplinary approaches, methods and questions allows for comparisons between various segments of the tourism employment market in France and with other countries. Based on in-depth case studies, this book will be a valuable resource for students and academics who wish to understand the specificities of tourism employment and the methods for studying them, as well as for professionals in the sector and decision-makers in European tourist destinations who wish to enrich their approaches to these phenomena.
Small and medium sized businesses increase the chances of success for all kinds of individual and collective initiatives and ensure the development and maintenance of an economic and social fabric. This paper defines small and medium sized businesses, and offers a quantity of statistical data concerning the importance of their role in the economy. It discusses the necessary distinctions to be made between the terms entrepreneur and manager, and provides a detailed analysis of the major advantages and problems peculiar to small- and medium-sized businesses in Canada. The purpose of the final portion of the paper is to sensitize the reader concerning what is being done about getting to know these businesses better.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 19th International TRIZ Future Conference on Automated Invention for Smart Industries, held in Marrakesh, Morocco, in October 2019 and sponsored by IFIP WG 5.4. The 41 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 72 submissions. They are organized in seven thematic sections: TRIZ improvement: theory, methods and tools; TRIZ and other innovation approaches; TRIZ applications in technical design; TRIZ applications in eco design; TRIZ applications in software engineering; TRIZ applications in specific disciplinary fields; and TRIZ in teaching.
The funding of innovative projects that are fundamentally ambiguous often leads to situations where decision-making is difficult. However, decision-making can be improved by practices such as syndication and step-by-step funding. The dynamic of this industry requires us to consider the economic and institutional variables that make this system coherent in English-speaking countries, but conversely reduce it to a privileged niche by the leading authorities in Europe and France. This book proposes two guiding ideas. The first idea presents innovation as a very uncertain process. This modifies the decision-making in the entrepreneurial ecosystem, with intervention upstream in regards to stronger foundations, evaluations and selection of projects. The second idea is that the actors hold onto partial knowledge in a context where their attention span is limited. These cognitive limitations need the formation of networks, and lead to mutual and complementary dependency relations.
A one-semester intermediate-high to advanced-level French textbook designed for French for Specific Purposes courses such as Business or Professional French, Affaires globales uses an interdisciplinary, multiliteracies approach to help students develop the cultural knowledge and language skills necessary for a career in the francophone world.
Enterprise and entrepreneurship is of strong interest to policy-makers because new and small firms can be a key contributor to job and wealth creation. However this contribution varies spatially, with some areas in a country having new firm formation rates that are up to three or four times higher than others. The vast majority of these new firms begin in the geographical area in which the founder lives, works or was born emphasising that entrepreneurship is a local event. The book documents a diversity of research approaches to examining the regional determinants of entrepreneurship in countries as contrasting as India and Sweden. The Editors call is for scholars to better understand the long run factors that influence enterprise at the local and regional level. For policy makers the Editors challenge is for them to be much clearer about the targets for their policies. Is it new firms, new jobs, productivity and does it matter where these targets are delivered? This book was published as a special issue of Regional Studies.
Génératrice d’emplois et de productivité, l’industrialisation est un vecteur de croissance qui coïncide souvent avec l’accélération du développement dans les économies les plus avancées. Cela étant, du fait de la rapidité des avancées technologiques et des restructurations qu’a connues le commerce international, certains chercheurs et décideurs remettent aujourd’hui en cause les contributions de l’industrie manufacturière au développement dans les Etats où son apparition est tardive. Dans le même temps, l’industrialisation et les transformations structurelles font partie intégrante de l’Agenda 2063 de l’Union africaine et des stratégies de développement de nombreux pays d’Afrique sub-saharienne. A la lumière de ce regain d’intérêt pour l’industrialisation dans l’ensemble de la région, il importe moins de savoir si les pays d’Afrique sub-saharienne doivent considérer l’industrialisation comme l’une des voies vers la croissance durable que de promouvoir effi cacement les perspectives ouvertes par cette dernière. L’industrialisation en Afrique subsaharienne : Saisir les opportunités offertes par les chaînes de valeur mondiales se penche sur cette question en proposant de réévaluer les perspectives d’industrialisation des pays d’Afrique sub-saharienne au travers de leur intégration dans les chaînes de valeur mondiales et en examinant le rôle de la politiques dans le renforcement de ces perspectives.Les principaux enseignements de cette étude indiquent que • L’Afrique sub-saharienne n’a pas connu de désindustrialisation précoce; au contraire, la région a bénéfi cié d’une croissance substantielle de l’emploi manufacturier en dépit d’une contribution toujours limitée de la valeur ajoutée industrielle au PIB. • L’intégration de la région aux chaînes de valeur industrielles mondiales reste relativement élevée, bien qu’elle soit marquée par la présence dominante des produits primaires et par le recours à l’emploi peu qualifi é. • L’intégration aux chaînes de valeur mondiales conduit à des créations d’emplois et l’intégration verticale en amont permet d’en créer encore davantage. Le présent ouvrage souligne l’importance des politiques dans le maintien d’un marché compétitif, dans la promotion d’une hausse de la productivité, dans l’encouragement du développement des compétences et dans l’accompagnement de secteurs tels que les infrastructures et la fi nance. Les décideurs politiques peuvent renforcer les connections des chaînes de valeur mondiales 1) en augmentant la valeur ajoutée des produits d’export existants, 2) en encourageant la reconversion vers l’emploi hautement qualifi é et 3) en créant des avantages comparatifs pour les industries centrées sur les savoirs.
Forged at the heart of international political bodies by expert researchers, the innovation cluster concept has been incorporated into most public policies in industrialized countries. Based largely on the ideas behind the success of Silicon Valley, several imitative attempts have been made to geographically group laboratories, companies and training in particular fields in order to generate “synergies” between science and industry. In its first part, Innovation in Clusters analyzes the infatuation with the system of clusters that is integral to innovative policies by analyzing its socio historical context, its revival in management and its worldwide expansion, looking at a French example at a local level. In its second part, the book explores a specialized biotechnology cluster dating back to the end of the 1990s. The sociological survey conducted twenty years later sheds a different light on the dynamics and relationships between laboratories and companies, contradicting the commonly held belief that innovation is made possible by geographical proximity.
International Academic Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities in Prague 2016 (NY'sAC-SSaH 2016 in Prague), December 30 - 31, 2016