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This manual strives to provide a clearer path for judges and clerks of court handling a chapter 9 case. It outlines the statutory requirements and processes that apply in any Chapter 9 case and provides examples of relevant cases and resources. It is organized into several parts including: Part II summarizes the history of Chapter 9 and discusses constitutional challenges to the original municipal bankruptcy laws enacted in 1934 and the structural and constitutional issues analyzed by lower courts in the context of Chapter 9. Part II presents and overview of the Chapter 9 process, contrasting it with the Chapter 11 process and providing several primers on issues unique to a Chapter 9 case. This section also includes basic information on matters, such as municipal accounting, the municipal bond market, and public pension obligations. Part IV identifies key administrative matters for the judge and the clerk of court in a Chapter 9 case. Part V explains what transpires after the filing of a Chapter 9 petition and appointment of the bankruptcy judge. It follows not only the legal steps required at the beginning of the case and eligibility determination, but also covers questions, issues, and information the judge may want to consider as the case starts down the Chapter 9 path. Part VI discusses the administration of the case -- i.e. what happens after the order for relief but before the plan confirmation process. Part VII covers the end of a case: it examines the plan, the disclosure statement, and the confirmation process. it includes information on postconfirmation jurisdiction and implementation issue. You will also find information about modification of the plan or if the debtor is unable to confirm a plan within a reasonable time, or dismissal of a case. Part VII is devoted to smaller municipal cases and cases involving special purpose entities or instrumentalities of a state. Part IX focuses on larger municipal cases. These cases can present factors and considerations unique to the size of, and stakeholders, in these cases. Part X summarizes key takeaway points for judges and clerks of the court handling Chapter 9 cases.
The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provides an up-to-date resource for information on legal ethics. Federal, state and local courts in all jurisdictions look to the Rules for guidance in solving lawyer malpractice cases, disciplinary actions, disqualification issues, sanctions questions and much more. In this volume, black-letter Rules of Professional Conduct are followed by numbered Comments that explain each Rule's purpose and provide suggestions for its practical application. The Rules will help you identify proper conduct in a variety of given situations, review those instances where discretionary action is possible, and define the nature of the relationship between you and your clients, colleagues and the courts.
"The United States Code is the official codification of the general and permanent laws of the United States of America. The Code was first published in 1926, and a new edition of the code has been published every six years since 1934. The 2012 edition of the Code incorporates laws enacted through the One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, the last of which was signed by the President on January 15, 2013. It does not include laws of the One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, enacted between January 2, 2013, the date it convened, and January 15, 2013. By statutory authority this edition may be cited "U.S.C. 2012 ed." As adopted in 1926, the Code established prima facie the general and permanent laws of the United States. The underlying statutes reprinted in the Code remained in effect and controlled over the Code in case of any discrepancy. In 1947, Congress began enacting individual titles of the Code into positive law. When a title is enacted into positive law, the underlying statutes are repealed and the title then becomes legal evidence of the law. Currently, 26 of the 51 titles in the Code have been so enacted. These are identified in the table of titles near the beginning of each volume. The Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives continues to prepare legislation pursuant to 2 U.S.C. 285b to enact the remainder of the Code, on a title-by-title basis, into positive law. The 2012 edition of the Code was prepared and published under the supervision of Ralph V. Seep, Law Revision Counsel. Grateful acknowledgment is made of the contributions by all who helped in this work, particularly the staffs of the Office of the Law Revision Counsel and the Government Printing Office"--Preface.