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Today, climate change is among the most hotly-debated topics. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), one of the three financial mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol open to developing and developed countries, was devised to assist in mitigation of global warming. This book discusses what China should do to make full use of the CDM to promote sustainable development and to meet the challenge of climate change from a legal perspective. The findings lead to the conclusion that the CDM has limitations in promoting sustainable development in China, and thus should be regarded only as a complementary instrument in combating climate change. Legal strategies for improving the implementation of CDM projects under the legal framework in China are thus put forward, and some proposals for China to meet the challenge of climate change in the post-2012 era are made. This book offers new insights to academics and policymakers both in the public and private sector. It is intended for legal practitioners and researchers on carbon trading as well as policymakers interested in the role of developing countries in climate change law. In addition, it is of interest to stakeholders of CDM projects.
In Climate Change Law in China in Global Context, seven climate change law scholars explain how the country’s legal system is gradually being mobilized to support the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in China and achieve adaptation to climate change. There has been little English scholarship on the legal regime for climate change in China. This volume addresses this gap in the literature and focuses on recent attempts by the country to build defences against the impacts of climate change and to meet the country’s international obligations on mitigation. The authors are not only interested in China’s laws on paper; rather, the book explains how these laws are implemented and integrated in practice and sheds light on China’s current laws, laws in preparation, the changing standing of law relative to policy, and the further reforms that will be necessary in response to the 2015 Paris Agreement on Climate Change. This comprehensive and critical account of the Chinese legal system’s response to the pressures of climate change will be an important resource for scholars of international law, environmental law, and Chinese law.
This volume examines the range of Non-Trade Concerns (NTCs) that may conflict with international economic rules and proposes ways to protect them within international law and international economic law. Globalization without local concerns can endanger relevant issues such as good governance, human rights, right to water, right to food, social, economic, cultural and environmental rights, labor rights, access to knowledge, public health, social welfare, consumer interests and animal welfare, climate change, energy, environmental protection and sustainable development, product safety, food safety and security. Focusing on China, the book shows the current trends of Chinese law and policy towards international standards. The authors argue that China can play a leading role in this context: not only has China adopted several reforms and new regulations to address NTCs; but it has started to play a very relevant role in international negotiations on NTCs such as climate change, energy, and culture, among others. While China is still considered a developing country, in particular from the NTCs’ point of view, it promises to be a key actor in international law in general and, more specifically, in international economic law in this respect. This volume assesses, taking into consideration its special context, China’s behavior internally and externally to understand its role and influence in shaping NTCs in the context of international economic law.
The book discusses climate technology transfer under the UNFCCC framework, and China’s relevant legislation and practices. It first explores theoretical basis of climate change-related technology transfer, with a particular focus on the differences between climate technology transfer and business-as-usual performance. The book then reviews practices of both technology supplier and user, in order to generally identify potential legal barriers and obstacles. Finally, it sheds light on China, providing a comprehensive assessment on barriers that hinder the trans-boundary transfers of low carbon technologies and need to be overcome in future. The issues concerned involve two of the most dynamic areas in current China’s lawmaking progress: environment laws and Intellectual Property laws. The book provides an in-depth analysis on China’s legislation and practices in this regard. At international level, the legal framework of climate technology transfer is examined in a systematic, prudent and constructive manner. On this basis, the book highlights potential commons, consistency and possible coordination between the UNFCCC and the WTO regime. This book is accessible to both Chinese and international environmental law specialists. It appeals to a broad readership, including environmental scientists, economists concerned with China’s intellectual property law, foreign investment law and anyone interested in the topic: how to green intellectual property rights regime for climate technology transfer in the China context.
Now that the most recent scientific estimates have shown that China has become the world's largest source of greenhouse gas emissions, China's influence on the world's environment and sustainable development highlights the importance of tailoring Chinese climate change law to conform with the requirements of international conventions and agreements on climate change. This thorough analysis, based on an examination of climate status, legal background, and current regulatory systems in China, examines the potential role of different policy instruments in reducing carbon emissions in order to find an appropriate choice for China, and recommends approaches to key issues for relevant authorities. The author conducts a comprehensive and in-depth study on the three mainstream environmental policy instruments used to control carbon emissions – the cap-and-trade system, the carbon tax, and command-and- control regulations – in a Chinese context. She reviews China's current policies, and elucidates how the issues of climate change and global warming call for social, environmental, economic, and legal reforms in China, especially in the areas of administrative law and property rights law. Among the issues and topics covered are the following: - key issues on designing and implementing each of the three policy instruments; - the choice of regulatory instruments for carbon emissions reduction in a socialist market economy based on the discussion of market failure and government failure theories; - legal challenges from China's current administrative legislation and the definition of carbon emissions entitlements; - practical effect of China's climate change policy at the national, provincial, and local levels; - effectiveness of China's implementation of its international obligations; - lessons learned from schemes implemented in the United States and Australia; - comparison of China's seven regional pilot emissions trading scheme (ETS) programmes with the well-established EU ETS; - linkage between China's ETS and other ETSs from a global perspective; and - future direction of an emerging carbon market in China. The analysis assesses the critical costs and benefits of each approach in the context of selected case studies, taking legal literature in the field fully into account. Given that the Chinese government is taking steps to reduce emissions by altering energy production and usage and is signalling a willingness to make similar commitments in a multilateral treaty, it is very timely and important for lawmakers and scholars, within and outside China, to think about new and appropriate regulatory measures to respond to the crisis and plan for a sustainable future. This study provides not only a useful benchmark for both China and other countries in formulating initiatives on enhancing climate protection, but also details the global implications for governments and for international organizations concerned with the understanding between China and the rest of the world in the context of climate change mitigation.
Since 2005 the carbon market has grown to a value of nearly $100 billion per annum. This new book examines all the main legal and policy issues which are raised by emissions trading and carbon finance. It covers not only the Kyoto Flexibility Mechanisms but also the regional emission trading scheme in the EU and emerging schemes in the US, Australia, and New Zealand. The Parties to the 1992 UN Framework Convention are in the process of negotiating a successor regime to the 1997Kyoto Protocol whose first commitment period ends in 2012. As scientists predict that the threat of dangerous climate change requires much more radical mitigation actions, the negotiations aim for a more comprehensive and wide ranging agreement which includes new players - such as the US - as well astaking account of new sources (including aircraft emissions) and new mechanisms such as the creation of incentives for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.This volume builds on the success of the editors' previous volume published by OUP in 2005: Legal Aspects of Implementing the Kyoto Protocol Mechanisms: Making Kyoto Work, which remains the standard work of reference for legal practitioners and researchers on carbon finance and trading under the Kyoto Protocol.
This encyclopedia provides an authoritative guide intended for students of all levels of studies, offering multidisciplinary insight and analysis of over 500 headwords covering the main concepts of Security and Non-traditional Security, and their relation to other scholarly fields and aspects of real-world issues in the contemporary geopolitical world.
This Handbook provides a comprehensive review of the salient content and major developments of environmental law in transitional China. The core concepts, basic mechanisms and key challenges of Chinese environmental law are discussed, extending the fro
China faces great challenges in climate change mitigation and energy security due to a coal dominated energy structure, a large population and an energy and resources intensive economic structure. In order to address climate change and energy issues simultaneously, relevant Chinese actors have worked to develop a range of policies and programs. China actively participated in the international climate change mitigation program, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and has become the world’s biggest CDM hosting country. China also launched the domestic Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction Scheme (ECERS) since the beginning of the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006). ECERS is the largest scale climate-related national policy ever carried out in China, and has accomplished 19.06% energy intensity reduction during the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010), and a further 20% reduction during the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015). -- This thesis analyses the actors involved in and the implementation of these two parallel policies during the 11th and 12th Five-Year Plan (2006-2015) period. It explores the roles of the actors, their impact on policy formation, and their feedback on policy implementation. By doing so, the strengths and weaknesses of the two policies can be unearthed and implications for addressing the identified deficiencies can be drawn out. The thesis first sets out the background, research questions, theoretical framework and methodology used for this study. It then analyses the roles and relationships between relevant actors, i.e. central ministries, provincial governments, think tanks, enterprises and civil society, and identifies what has affected their cooperation. The thesis then turns to the specifics of CDM, arguing that it has benefited China in terms of facilitating sustainable development, promoting renewable energy and improving climate awareness but also has a number of potential problems, such as reduction of low-cost abatement options and additionality and integrity issues. An analysis of ECERS in the energy sector follows. Specifically, this thesis analyses multiple aspects of this policy in the energy production sector, including the closure of small coal-fired power plants and their replacement with large efficient ones, the development of renewable energies and the obstacles it faces, and the wastage of wind and solar power in China’s northern provinces. It also covers a relatively new market mechanism in China from the energy consumers’ perspective, Energy Performance Contracting (EPC), by exploring its development, effectiveness and challenges. Throughout the thesis, a wide range of sources have been used including interviews with relevant actors, media reports and discussions in public online forums. These invaluable insights into the details of the policies are often untraceable from the official documents, which therefore give us a fuller and richer picture of them. Finally the thesis draws out implications to address the weaknesses it identified, with the aim of providing innovations and alternative approaches to improve current policies.
In recent years the Chinese legal system has undergone many reforms and this book brings the literature up to date offering a contemporary account of the law and administration in China. The book covers some of the most pressing issues in Chinese law, including the reform of the banking sector, environmental law, corporate law foreign investment, health care and intellectual property, and looks at both substantive and procedural issues. The volume contains contributions from a number of experts and scholars of Chinese law including Albert Chen, Hualing Fu and Roman Tomasic who analyse the political, economic and social factors affecting the development process of Chinese law. Whilst the book addresses a number of diverse legal areas all the contributions look to explain the factors which led to the development of the law and the consequences of such developments, as well as the progress made by developing legal institutions and the possible obstacles to future development.