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La connaissance joue un rôle fondamental dans l'évolution des sociétés contemporaines, les mécanismes de production, d'appropriation et de dissémination des connaissances se heurtent aujourd'hui aux contraintes de la globalisation. Les fondements et les mécanismes de fonctionnement d'une économie immatérielle se trouvent ainsi remis en cause dans de nombreux domaines (stratégies R&D et d'innovation des agents économiques, gestion de l'environnement, dispositifs de formation, analyse macroéconomique des économies, etc.). Cette remise en cause, dont la lecture se fait à travers l'analyse des stratégies et des comportements des acteurs économiques, suscite la formation de paradoxes, voire de contradictions. Après avoir mis en évidence les repères, les trajectoires et les promesses que dessine l'économie du savoir, cet ouvrage propose d'explorer les singularités de la production et l'usage des connaissances, les processus de qualification et de gestion des ressources cognitives, mais également ceux qui ont trait au fonctionnement des économies.
This study uses Input-Output analysis to examine the industry and skill mix of Canadian exports and imports as they stood in 1997 and how this mix has changed over the past three decades. Section 2 of the report describes the data and calculation methods used. Section 3 contains a literature review. Section 4 examines how the place of exports has changed in the Canadian economy since 1961, and how the industrial output and employment mix of exports has altered over that time. Changes in the employment mix are decomposed into four main sub-components. Then, adding industry skill-mix data, it discusses the education/skill mix of Canadian exports in recent years and determines what changes may have occurred in this mix over time. Section 5 repeats the analysis in Section 4, but for imports. Section 6 reports the conclusions and main findings. Several appendices present details of the calculations, sensitivity tests and more detailed industrial results.
This paper explores what economists know about the economics of innovation. It identifies key empirical research on different aspects of what causes the pace of innovation to be faster or slower. A selective survey of empirical work on the determinants of innovation, guided by relevant economic theory, discusses the economics of information & its relation to innovation; the effects on the pace of innovation of the strength of intellectual property rights, firm size & market structure, geographic distribution of firms, corporate decision-making, national culture, financial systems, human capital accumulation, and checks on inequality; and whether government policy determines innovation.
The purpose of this study is to provide an update of recent developments and changes to international and national dispute settlement mechanisms, as well as an analysis of the implications for the dispute settlement mechanism established under the Canadian Agreement on Internal Trade (AIT). The analysis includes the Australian constitutional approach for ensuring free trade within a federal state similar to Canada. The AIT mechanism has borrowed heavily from a number of other mechanisms and its further evolution will undoubtedly reflect the changes and improvements implemented in them. This study analyses the changes and their implications for the AIT mechanism; it also offers recommendations for improvements to the AIT mechanism, based on the changes to and experience with other national and international mechanisms
The first chapter of this document looks briefly at some of the factors underlying recent patterns of foreign investment. The next chapter of the paper discusses Industry Canada (IC) research that pertains to the role of foreign direct investment and the factors underlying recent investment trends. Chapter 3 considers the policy implications of the IC research in the context of Canada's role as both a significant host and an important source of foreign investment. In addition to examining the need for government intervention in foreign investment markets, this section considers the implications of the studies' findings for general government policy. Chapter 4 looks at foreign investment policy in an international context. The IC studies that examine foreign investment barriers and that have something to say about how to improve the international environment for foreign investment are discussed in this section. The paper's conclusions are presented in chapter 5.