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La science économique ne peut plus ignorer le contexte sociétal et environnemental actuel. La science économique domine nos sociétés actuelles, et finit par être un moyen et une fin à la fois. L’économisation de nos relations sociales progresse et pénètre des domaines de plus en plus lointains de son champ initial. L’éducation, au lieu de former des citoyens instruits, devient un investissement dans le capital humain ; la médecine doit moins guérir qu’être rentable ; la culture n’est pas une forme d’épanouissement créatif mais un marché. Bref, notre société est envahie par le jargon économique, et les relations sociales sont justifiées uniquement si elles sont pratiquées au moindre coût et à profit immédiat. Pourtant, un défi sans précédent se présente maintenant à elle. Il n’est aujourd’hui plus possible d’analyser l’économie pour elle-même, en faisant abstraction du contexte sociétal. Se laisser séduire par les intérêts onomiques à court terme revient à faire l’autruche face aux bouleversements écologiques ainsi que sociaux et à rester inactif. Cet ouvrage analyse les conséquences néfastes de cette attitude, et invite à une politique active dans une optique de développement durable. L’auteur retrace l’évolution récente de la pensée économique, avant d’éclairer le lien entre économie et société. Il plaide ensuite pour une réforme en profondeur de la politique économique actuelle. Cet ouvrage de sciences économiques, rédigé par un professeur émérite d’économie de l’Université de Genève, souligne les impasses d'une économie à court terme et invite à adopter une nouvelle politique économique dans une perspective de développement durable. EXTRAIT C’est une façon commode de concilier les pratiques économiques actuelles avec les exigences environnementales, sans devoir changer les premières : c’est le progrès technique qui protégerait le mieux l’environnement tout en soutenant la croissance économique. La politique environnementale n’aurait qu’à miser sur le « tout technologique ». L’effort intellectuel visant à comprendre le milieu naturel comme un vaste écosystème dont dépendent nos activités économiques est donc détourné pour soutenir la thèse inverse : le marché qui ne s’intéresse à l’environnement que sous sa forme de ressources productives résout les problèmes environnementaux. Une fois de plus, un problème qui gêne la modélisation économique est délégué à d’autres disciplines. Une spécialisation scientifique de plus en plus pointue en est la conséquence. Les économistes se concentrent sur l’économie et laissent le domaine environnemental aux sciences naturelles et aux ingénieurs, tel serait la stratégie de recherche la plus prometteuse. Ils restent cloîtrés dans leurs propres modèles et ne cherchent pas à mieux comprendre l’interdépendance entre l’économie, l’environnement et le social. Au lieu d’une curiosité intellectuelle, ils offrent une seule perspective : imposer leur raisonnement à tous les problèmes environnementaux et sociaux sous le seul angle économique. À PROPOS DE L'AUTEUR Beat Bürgenmeier est professeur émérite d’économie de l’Université de Genève. Il a été président du comité scientifique de « Fondaterra », fondation européenne pour des territoires durables, et du Conseil de l’Association allemande des professionnels de l'environnement. Il préside en Suisse l’organe consultatif de l’Office fédéral de l’environnement pour la recherche fondamentale. Il est également expert auprès d’instances gouvernementales de plusieurs pays et auteur de nombreuses publications sur le sujet.
In the past decades, social enterprise has been an emerging field of research. Its main frameworks have been provided by Occidental approaches. Mainly based on an organizational vision, they give little or no room to questions such as gender, race, colonialism, class, power relations and intertwined forms of inequality. However, a wide range of worldwide hidden, popular initiatives can be considered as another form of social enterprises based on solidarity, re-embedding the economy as well as broadening the political scope. This has been shown in a previous book: Civil Society, the Third Sector, and Social Enterprise: Governance and Democracy. Thus, to be more than a fashion or a fictitious panacea, the concept of social enterprise needs to be debated. Southern realities cannot be only understood through imported categories and outside modeled guidelines. This book engages a multicontinental and pluridisciplinary discussion in order to provide a pluralist theory of social enterprise. The book will be of interest to researchers, academics and students in the fields of social entrepreneurship, social innovation, development studies, management studies and social work.
Solidarity is an ‘unthought’ in the fields of organizational theory and management sciences. However, it is an increasingly important feature in the management of organizations. The contemporary world suffers from a double unsustainability: the abusive exploitation of natural resources endangers the balance of the climate and biodiversity, while growing inequalities condemn our ability to maintain a balanced society. These unsustainabilities are mutually reinforcing and call for the affirmation of a double solidarity, which unites humans among themselves, and links humans and nonhumans. Such an effort cannot be decreed. It must be organized. Based on numerous grassroots initiatives and citizens’ experimentations that are being invented every day around the world and on a historical and anthropological approach, this book explores different ways of combining solidarity and organization. Solidarity-based management, governance of the commons, and Buen Vivir approaches are some of the perspectives analyzed in the context of a North-South dialogue in order to formulate the conceptual framework and practical steps of a social and environmental transition. It offers both theoretical background and living examples to students, professors and researchers to better understand and better teach new avenues for management.
This article deals with the literature on the French nonprofit sector (NPS). A preliminary part is devoted to presenting and discussing the characteristics that shape the approaches to this sector in France. We stress the strong influence of legal categories on the sector’s definition and, in this context, the importance of the status inherited from the 1901 Act on contracts of association. This raises a problem for a more analytical approach to the sector, because the diversity of the nonprofit organizations (NPOs) regulated under this Act risks being overshadowed. In this first part, we also underline the primacy accorded in France to the concept of the social economy, which has today become the social and solidarity economy (SSE), over that of the nonprofit sector. In the second part, the article outlines some landmarks in the history of the French NPS. French NPOs were for many years objects of suspicion, arbitrariness and repression on the part of the public authorities and this persisted until the 1901 legislation on contracts of association was enacted. However, this hostile context did not prevent the sector from having a richer existence than is sometimes admitted. This literature review also focuses on empirical studies of the sector, placing a particular emphasis on the more recent ones. These French studies basically adopt two types of approach. The first is concerned essentially with the NPOs and focuses its attention on their economic importance, whether measured in terms of financial resources, employment, or, less frequently, added value. The second approach investigates the kinds of individual participation the sector engenders by examining the various forms it takes, such as membership of NPOs or voluntary work. This review ends with the analysis of the challenges that NPS faces in a context characterized by the increasing constraints on public funding, changes in the nature of such funding with a substitution of contracts for subsidies, an increased competition among NPOs as well as between NPOs and for-profit enterprises. The article concludes that, despite the advances in research on the French NPS, some aspects—like formal volunteering and the role of voluntary associations—are still understudied, while others—like informal groups and informal volunteering—are almost totally ignored.
Many important contemporary debates cross economics and religion, in turn raising questions about the relationship between the two fields. This book, edited by a leader in the new interdisciplinary field of economics and religion and with contributions by experts on different aspects of the relationship between economics and Christianity, maps the current state of scholarship and points to new directions for the field. It covers the history of the relationship between economics and Christianity, economic thinking in the main Christian traditions, and the role of religion in economic development, as well as new work on the economics of religious behavior and religious markets and topics of debate between economists and theologians. It is essential reading for economists concerned with the foundations of their discipline, historians, moral philosophers, theologians seeking to engage with economics, and public policy researchers and practitioners.
This volume presents much newly published work by Hayek on methodology of economics, its development as a subject, its key thinkers and its important debates. It is published in corrected, revised and annotated form with a long introduction.
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This book contributes to timely debates on the conditions of resistance and changes with the aim to offer a ray of hope in times of ecological, economic, social and democracy crisis worldwide. In the context of the crisis of social reproduction, impoverishment and growing inequalities, myriads of women-led grass-root initiatives are bubbling up. They reorganize social reproduction; redefine the meaning of work and value; explore new ways of doing economics and politics; construct solidarity-driven social relationships and combat their subordination. In doing so, these initiatives challenge the patriarchal, financialized and dehumanizing capitalist system and offer transformative, sustainable paths for feminist social change. Drawing on fine-grained ethnographies in Latin America and India, this book sheds light on women’s daily struggles, their difficulties, contradictions, fragilities, and also their successes and achievements. This book seeks to inspire activists, researchers and policy-makers in the field of feminism and solidarity economy to contribute to amplifying the movement, which rests on the articulation of the various initiatives.