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In this thesis, the motivation was to study the applicability and test the limits of analytical formulations using surface equivalence, in dealing with the scattering problem of a thin dielectric slab of finite extent. In this application of the surface equivalence principle, the unknowns, equivalent surface electric and magnetic currents, are established using the method of moments. Described herein, in order to solve for the unknowns, are four new numerical techniques called LSM, CLSM, CLSM+RCA and CWLSM+RCA, employed to deal with the radar cross section (RCS) of electromagnetic wave scattering from thin dielectric slabs, for different thicknesses in three dimensions. The designations, LSM, CLSM, CLSM+RCA and CWLSM+RCA stand for least squares method, constrained least squares method, constrained least squares method plus ring current approximation and constrained weighted least squares method plus ring current approximation, respectively. The least squares method is utilized in the new numerical techniques, providing a better solution in the null region of the RCS than the combined field integral equation (CFIE). The new numerical techniques employ surface distributions of equivalent currents, thus in principle requiring less computer memory than those employing volume distributions of current density. Moreover, there is no need to worry about how nearly perfect should be the absorbing boundary condition (ABC) that is used in the finite difference time domain technique (FDTD). Further, in this work, the importance of the equivalent surface currents flowing on the edge of a thin slab (which are referred to as 'ring currents') has been identified. The new techniques also show fast convergence for the particularly challenging case of edge-on wave incidence, even when the slab is as thin as 0.001 [lambda]0 ([lambda]0 is wavelength in free space). In particular, the CLSM+RCA and CWLSM+RCA analyses have been validated by experiments for the case of backward RCS, these experiments showing good agreement with the analyses. For edge-on incidence, the bistatic RCS predicted by CLSM+RCA is also compared with a simulation from a simple approximation: the simulation shows qualitative similarity to CLSM+RCA, but the quantitative differences of up to 10 dB indicate that use of the new methods can be significantly beneficial.
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University Physics is designed for the two- or three-semester calculus-based physics course. The text has been developed to meet the scope and sequence of most university physics courses and provides a foundation for a career in mathematics, science, or engineering. The book provides an important opportunity for students to learn the core concepts of physics and understand how those concepts apply to their lives and to the world around them. Due to the comprehensive nature of the material, we are offering the book in three volumes for flexibility and efficiency. Coverage and Scope Our University Physics textbook adheres to the scope and sequence of most two- and three-semester physics courses nationwide. We have worked to make physics interesting and accessible to students while maintaining the mathematical rigor inherent in the subject. With this objective in mind, the content of this textbook has been developed and arranged to provide a logical progression from fundamental to more advanced concepts, building upon what students have already learned and emphasizing connections between topics and between theory and applications. The goal of each section is to enable students not just to recognize concepts, but to work with them in ways that will be useful in later courses and future careers. The organization and pedagogical features were developed and vetted with feedback from science educators dedicated to the project. VOLUME II Unit 1: Thermodynamics Chapter 1: Temperature and Heat Chapter 2: The Kinetic Theory of Gases Chapter 3: The First Law of Thermodynamics Chapter 4: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Unit 2: Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 5: Electric Charges and Fields Chapter 6: Gauss's Law Chapter 7: Electric Potential Chapter 8: Capacitance Chapter 9: Current and Resistance Chapter 10: Direct-Current Circuits Chapter 11: Magnetic Forces and Fields Chapter 12: Sources of Magnetic Fields Chapter 13: Electromagnetic Induction Chapter 14: Inductance Chapter 15: Alternating-Current Circuits Chapter 16: Electromagnetic Waves