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Le " facteur humain " est l'expression par laquelle les spécialistes de la sécurité des personnes et de la sûreté des installations désignent le comportement des hommes au travail. Il est fréquemment invoqué dans l'analyse des catastrophes industrielles, des accidents du travail, et dans les procès ou les commissions d'enquête. On lui associe l'idée de faute commise. Paradoxalement, cette conception négative de l'intervention humaine repose sur une confiance sans faille dans la technique, et sur une méconnaissance des sciences humaines. Cet ouvrage récapitule les progrès réalisés dans les sciences de l'homme au travail, afin de formuler une doctrine plus nuancée que celle de l'école des " human factors ", dans les années 50.
Au coeur de l'action, le facteur humain est le principal élément qui différencie les entreprises qui associent le bien-être des salariés et la performance économique sur le long terme, des entreprises qui seraient uniquement centrées sur le profit à court terme. Alors, comment font celles qui réussissent à concilier performance économique, climat social apaisé et salariés heureux d'y travailler ? Elles développent une réelle profitabilité avec un management fondé sur la bienveillance, le droit à l'erreur et la confiance. S'ensuivent des résultats financiers souvent meilleurs que ceux des entreprises qui pratiquent un management malveillant et parfois douteux. Ces sociétés ont, pour la plupart, remis en cause leur organisation, revu leur système de management mais également leurs processus et méthodes de travail, repensé leur politique de rémunération et la gestion des relations interpersonnelles pour faciliter le dialogue... A l'appui d'un diagnostic des pratiques vertueuses et d'autres plus contestables, les auteurs préconisent des méthodes performantes pour améliorer le bien-être des salariés, le climat social, le succès et la rentabilité de l'entreprise, et ce, quel que soit son secteur d'activité.
"This book is the outcome of the conference held in Caen (France) in September 1997, in preparation for the International Economic History Congress in Madrid (August 1998). This collection of essays provides, for the first time, a systematic overview of the productivity missions organised in the years following the Second World War, to investigate in situ the production and management techniques adduced to account for the American lead. Bringing together research workers from many countries (Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States), the volume addresses four successive themes. The first one concerns the part played by the United States and that country's action on the international scene. This, in turn, leads to the subsequent query: Did the productivity missions constitute tools for modernisation, or were they devices of domination? The second part considers three national experiences: the United Kingdom, France, and Japan. The third part examines a number of branches: iron and steel, electrical engineering, petrochemicals, and the tyre industry. The final part seeks to assess the impact of the missions. Ultimately, one needs must make a distinction between the rhetoric of productivity, on the one hand, and actual achievements, on the other; the missions were part of a wider process of Americanisation, wherein lies one of the keys to the economic miracles of the post-war era."--Page 4 of cover.
The strategies for managing the human factor are in a state of flux: there are many labels but no clear boundaries. The paper seeks to describe some of the interrelated, overlapping firm-level strategies and practices, to look at evidence of their uptake and performance, and to stimulate discussion about possible roles for governments and about future research needs. In short, it is designed to be a scene-setting exercise, a starting point for policy research and development on innovative workplaces.
Now available as single volumes as well as in a 13-volume set, the rare proceedings collected here were originally published between 1920 and 1958. This set documents international activity in applied psychology between the wars and during the post-War reestablishment of international scientific collaboration. The proceedings of each Congress are reproduced with a short individual preface discussing their content and import.
Despite its increasing importance, the verification and validation of the human-machine interface is perhaps the most overlooked aspect of system development. Although much has been written about the design and developmentprocess, very little organized information is available on how to verifyand validate highly complex and highly coupled dynamic systems. Inability toevaluate such systems adequately may become the limiting factor in our ability to employ systems that our technology and knowledge allow us to design. This volume, based on a NATO Advanced Science Institute held in 1992, is designed to provide guidance for the verification and validation of all highly complex and coupled systems. Air traffic control isused an an example to ensure that the theory is described in terms that will allow its implementation, but the results can be applied to all complex and coupled systems. The volume presents the knowledge and theory ina format that will allow readers from a wide variety of backgrounds to apply it to the systems for which they are responsible. The emphasis is on domains where significant advances have been made in the methods of identifying potential problems and in new testing methods and tools. Also emphasized are techniques to identify the assumptions on which a system is built and to spot their weaknesses.