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Essay from the year 2020 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, , language: English, abstract: This document discusses how the Court of Justice of the European Union has over the years adopted and used the Direct effect, Indirect effect and State liability principles to make the EU Laws more effective, both in terms of interpretation and application, especially with regards to EU Directives. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) whose composition and functions were enunciated in Section 5 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) 2008, was established in 1952, with the aim of interpreting the Laws of the European Union, making sure that the application of these laws are uniform and consistent in all EU countries. The CJEU also “settles legal disputes between national governments and EU institutions.” The CJEU is divided into two courts. It gives rulings on cases brought before it and in doing so, it is required to give preliminary rulings in its capacity to interpret the laws (among other capacities) "to ensure EU law is properly applied, but courts in different countries might interpret it differently. If a national court is in doubt about the interpretation or validity of an EU law, it can ask the Court for clarification. The same mechanism can be used to determine whether a national law or practice is compatible with EU law."
Since its formation the European Union has expanded beyond all expectations, and this expansion seems set to continue as more countries seek accession and the scope of EU law expands, touching more and more aspects of its citizens' lives. The EU has never been stronger and yet it now appears to be reaching a crisis point, beset on all sides by conflict and challenges to its legitimacy. Nationalist sentiment is on the rise and the Eurozone crisis has had a deep and lasting impact. EU law, always controversial, continues to perplex, not least because it remains difficult to analyse. What is the EU? An international organization, or a federation? Should its legal concepts be measured against national standards, or another norm? The Oxford Handbook of European Union Law illuminates the richness and complexity of the debates surrounding the law and policies of the EU. Comprising eight sections, it examines how we are to conceptualize EU law; the architecture of EU law; making and administering EU law; the economic constitution and the citizen; regulation of the market place; economic, monetary, and fiscal union; the Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice; and what lies beyond the regulatory state. Each chapter summarizes, analyses, and reflects on the state of play in a given area, and suggests how it is likely to develop in the foreseeable future. Written by an international team of leading commentators, this Oxford Handbook creates a vivid and provocative tapestry of the key issues shaping the laws of the European Union.
Essay from the year 2019 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: European Union, grade: 71, University College London, language: English, abstract: This essay argues that while the concept of indirect effect of EU Law is important for safeguarding individual's rights due to its several beneficial characteristics, recent case law indicates that the principle of horizontal direct effect becomes more important. The essay starts by focusing on the direct effect of primary EU law, particularly Treaty Articles, before discussing the principle regarding secondary sources, especially directives. After that, strategies developed by the CJEU to neutralise the impact of the rule that directives do not have horizontal direct effect are debated, leading to the conclusion that indirect effect becomes less important.
Bert Van Roosebeke analyses non-contractual state liability in the European Union. He explains differences in member states’ breaching behaviour and presents the state liability doctrine as developed by the European Court of Justice in a number of cases. He shows that compliance is the true economic aim of state liability legislation and presents a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of both private and public law enforcement mechanisms. He finally formulates improvements to the rules of state liability.
Essay from the year 2015 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, grade: 1,45, Edinburgh Napier University (European Law), course: European Law, language: English, abstract: Firstly, this essay will provide some general information regarding the development of the EU. In this context the concept of supremacy will briefly be overviewed, as it is closely related to the doctrine of direct effect. Subsequently, a definition of both direct effect and direct applicability will be administered. Furthermore, the relationship between direct effect and the various Community measures will be examined, focusing then on Directives for reasons which will be explained afterwards. Afterwards, the issues concerning vertical and horizontal direct effect in respect of Directives will be investigated. Finally, the essay will illustrate why and in which cases the doctrines of indirect effect and state liability become applicable. The paper will then conclude by answering the question, referring to the previous remarks, why the European Court of Justice (henceforth, ECJ) introduced the concept of direct effect. The Treaty that established the European Economic Community (EEC) was the Treaty of Rome. It became effective on the 1st of January 1958. This moment can be regarded as a milestone in the development of the European Union. The treaty had not only the objective to prevent the outbreak of a further war between France and Germany but also to bring the Member States of western Europe together in a closer Union by extending the European integration to include general economic cooperation. Over the years, the Member States joined various treaties creating the juridical and political framework, in order to make the Community capable of cooperating on a broad range of matters. The EU organs – such as the Commission, Council, Parliament and the Court – were constituted. In different shape and occurrence, all of the above stated organs are entitled to announce measures (Regulations, Directives and Decisions) which would be targeted to the Member States. In the aftermath of this development two main questions arose. Namely, by what tool would such a measure be exercised towards the Member State(s)? The second and closely linked question was which law would prevail in the not unlikely situation of a dispute between the national law of a Member State and the European rule?
This is the first book to present an in-depth discussion of the right of individuals to receive damages in European law. Analyzing relevant ECJ cases, the authors detail the substantive and procedural criteria that need to be satisfied in order for an individual to succeed in a claim for damages against Community institutions under Article 288 EC or against a defaulting Member State under the court-created Francovich principle.
In the Irish legal order, there is a rapid increase in the amount of case law on European Union law. This book analyzes the key case laws, texts, and commentaries in a diversity of EU law-related subject areas, and it provides an up-to-date and comprehensive collection of materials on EU law. The standard published texts in EU law do not include any materials as to the Irish legal order, and research considering the operation of EU law in the national courts has frequently excluded data as to Ireland on the basis of a paucity of case law. However, in recent years, there has been a major increase in case law in this area from the Irish Superior Courts and a large increase in EU Regulations and Directives in Irish law. A collection of key case law and materials is now a timely one. A mini-schedule of relevant primary legislation and constitutional texts are included in the book, which will be of major interest to students, academics, practitioners, and government/public servants.
The European Union is a legal system unlike any other in history. It is also facing unprecedented challenges, controversies and uncertainty as the UK seeks to implement Brexit. At its heart, Law of the European Union aims to shed light on this unique forum by providing a clear and accessible overview of the constitutional arrangements of the Union, and the law and jurisprudence which underpins the substantive areas of core EU Law. Building on previous editions of the book by John Fairhurst, this 12th edition has been extensively reworked by a new author team to ensure it continues to meet the requirements of contemporary EU Law modules by: Streamlining its coverage to focus only on the constitutional law of the EU and the core substantive areas of free movement of people, workers and goods to reflect the typical LLB syllabus. Expanding coverage of direct effect, fundamental rights and the division of competences to provide more detailed information on these topics. Increasing the level of debate and analysis providing more nuanced coverage of the subject enabling the student reader to reflect on broad, underlying issues or controversies. Incorporating a range of new or improved features and diagrams to support learning including case boxes which explicitly highlight the facts, ruling and significance of each case discussed and reflection boxes which draw attention to key issues, discussion points and future possibilities. Weaving coverage of Brexit throughout.
Is the concept of Direct Effect of EC Law out of date? Or does it need to be revamped as a keystone doctrine of EC Law? This was the central theme of the international conference organized in June 2001 at the University of Amsterdam by the Hogendorp Centre, the Amsterdam Law School, the Amsterdam Centre of International Law, the Europa Instituut and the Amsterdam Jean Monnet Platform. The conference brought together speakers from The United Kingdom, Belgium, France and The Netherlands, to address the topic not only from the perspective of EC law, but also from those of domestic constitutional law and public international law. Their contributions reflect the various dimensions of direct effect as a central doctrine of EC Law.
East African Community Law provides a comprehensive and open-access text book on EAC law. Written by leading experts, including the president of the EACJ, national judges, academics and practitioners, it provides the most complete overview to date of this increasingly important field. Uniquely, the book also provides a systematic comparison with EU law. EU companion chapters provide concise overviews of EU law and its development, offering valuable inspiration for the application and further development of EAC law. The book has been written for all practitioners, judges, civil servants, academics and students faced with questions of EAC law. It discusses institutional, substantive and jurisdictional issues, including the nature of EAC law, free movement and competition law as well as the reception of EAC law in Partner States.