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The region in far northeastern California encompassed by Lava Beds National Monument is often called the "Land of Burnt Out Fires." The name reflects a landscape created by fiery volcanic forces, including cataclysmic events that created more than 700 lava tube caves and an aboveground landscape shaped and fractured by lava flows and other geologic turmoil. Despite its tortured landscape, the region has also been a place of human habitation for thousands of years. Early natives traveled through the lava beds as part of their seasonal travels for food and shelter. The Modoc Indians' knowledge of that landscape, a natural lava fortress now known as Captain Jack's Stronghold, was used during the Modoc War of 1872 and 1873. Modocs, settlers, and others who followed--sheep ranchers, homesteaders, cave discoverers, tourists, spelunkers, and US Forest Service and National Park Service managers--have played prominent roles in creating the region's, and Lava Beds National Monument's, always evolving human history.
The International Union of Speleology (Union Internationale de Spéléologie, UIS) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization founded in 1965 in Slovenia (part of former Yugoslavia) on the initiative of the 4th International Congress of Speleology. Since 1953, these congresses are held every four years to promote interaction between academic and technical speleologists of different nationalities and with the purpose of developing and coordinating international speleology in all of its scientific, technical, cultural and economic aspects. The Union consists of member nations with voting rights, and each is represented by a delegate who represents all cavers and speleologists in its country. Until this book, the history of the International Union of Speleology was spread out in the minutes of the meetings and general assemblies, various UIS publications, and the proceedings of its International Congresses. Moreover, much of it was never written and was available only from the memories of past presidents, secretaries and other members of the UIS. In this book, the author presents the purpose of the Union and summarizes all its events through the first 50 years of its existence. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Mednarodna speleološka zveza (Union Internationale de Spéléologie, UIS) je neprofitna, nevladna organizacija, ustanovljena leta 1965 v Sloveniji (v nekdanji Jugoslaviji), na pobudo 4. Mednarodnega speleološkega kongresa. Kongresi so organizirajo na vsake štiri leta že od leta 1949, z namenom spodbujanja sodelovanja med akademskimi in tehničnimi jamarji različnih narodnosti ter z namenom razvijanja in usklajevanju mednarodnega jamarstva iz znanstvenih, tehničnih, kulturnih in ekonomskih vidikov. Zvezo sestavljajo člani z volilno pravico, vsako državo pa zastopajo delegati, ki predstavljajo vse jamarje in speleologe v državi. Do te knjige je bila zgodovina Mednarodne speleološke zveze zapisana samo v zapisnikih sestankov, generalnih skupščin in različnih publikacijah ter zbornikih njenih mednarodnih kongresov. Veliko pa sploh ne, bilo je samo v spominih preteklih predsednikov, tajnikov in drugih upravnih članov UIS-a. V tej knjigi avtor povzema vse dogodke in namen zveze skozi 50 let njenega obstoja.
CONTENTS: Chapter 1 CALIFORNIA LAND Section 1 National Parks, Monuments And Recreational Areas Section 2 USGS Historic Photos Section 3 California Reservoirs Rise from Drought to Deluge Section 4 Wildfire Scars California Towns Section 5 Wildfire along the California Coast Section 6 Landslide Buries Scenic California Highway Section 7 Finding Floating Forests Section 8 Miscellaneous Satellite Images, And Aerial Photographs And Related Stories Chapter 2 CALIFORNIA WATER Section 1 USGS Historic Photos
Volume Two of the new guide to the study of biodiversity in insects Volume Two of Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society presents an entirely new, companion volume of a comprehensive resource for the most current research on the influence insects have on humankind and on our endangered environment. With contributions from leading researchers and scholars on the topic, the text explores relevant topics including biodiversity in different habitats and regions, taxonomic groups, and perspectives. Volume Two offers coverage of insect biodiversity in regional settings, such as the Arctic and Asia, and in particular habitats including crops, caves, and islands. The authors also include information on historical, cultural, technical, and climatic perspectives of insect biodiversity. This book explores the wide variety of insect species and their evolutionary relationships. Case studies offer assessments on how insect biodiversity can help meet the needs of a rapidly expanding human population, and examine the consequences that an increased loss of insect species will have on the world. This important text: Offers the most up-to-date information on the important topic of insect biodiversity Explores vital topics such as the impact on insect biodiversity through habitat loss and degradation and climate change With its companion Volume I, presents current information on the biodiversity of all insect orders Contains reviews of insect biodiversity in culture and art, in the fossil record, and in agricultural systems Includes scientific approaches and methods for the study of insect biodiversity The book offers scientists, academics, professionals, and students a guide for a better understanding of the biology and ecology of insects, highlighting the need to sustainably manage ecosystems in an ever-changing global environment.
On October 3, 1873, the U.S. Army hanged four Modoc headmen at Oregon's Fort Klamath. The condemned had supposedly murdered the only U.S. Army general to die during the Indian wars of the nineteenth century. Their much-anticipated execution marked the end of the Modoc War of 1872–73. But as Boyd Cothran demonstrates, the conflict's close marked the beginning of a new struggle over the memory of the war. Examining representations of the Modoc War in the context of rapidly expanding cultural and commercial marketplaces, Cothran shows how settlers created and sold narratives of the conflict that blamed the Modocs. These stories portrayed Indigenous people as the instigators of violence and white Americans as innocent victims. Cothran examines the production and circulation of these narratives, from sensationalized published histories and staged lectures featuring Modoc survivors of the war to commemorations and promotional efforts to sell newly opened Indian lands to settlers. As Cothran argues, these narratives of American innocence justified not only violence against Indians in the settlement of the West but also the broader process of U.S. territorial and imperial expansion.
Monarch butterflies are among the most popular insect species in the world and are an icon for conservation groups and environmental education programs. Monarch caterpillars and adults are easily recognizable as welcome visitors to gardens in North America and beyond, and their spectacular migration in eastern North America (from breeding locations in Canada and the United States to overwintering sites in Mexico) has captured the imagination of the public. Monarch migration, behavior, and chemical ecology have been studied for decades. Yet many aspects of monarch biology have come to light in only the past few years. These aspects include questions regarding large-scale trends in monarch population sizes, monarch interactions with pathogens and insect predators, and monarch molecular genetics and large-scale evolution. A growing number of current research findings build on the observations of citizen scientists, who monitor monarch migration, reproduction, survival, and disease. Monarchs face new threats from humans as they navigate a changing landscape marked by deforestation, pesticides, genetically modified crops, and a changing climate, all of which place the future of monarchs and their amazing migration in peril. To meet the demand for a timely synthesis of monarch biology, conservation and outreach, Monarchs in a Changing World summarizes recent developments in scientific research, highlights challenges and responses to threats to monarch conservation, and showcases the many ways that monarchs are used in citizen science programs, outreach, and education. It examines issues pertaining to the eastern and western North American migratory populations, as well as to monarchs in South America, the Pacific and Caribbean Islands, and Europe. The target audience includes entomologists, population biologists, conservation policymakers, and K–12 teachers.
Focusing on glaciation and speleogenesis in the region of New York and New England, this book serves as an example of a karst region that has experienced large-scale continental glaciation. It reviews the literature on the controls of glaciation on karst development, exploring examples from the marbles of the Adirondacks, New England and eastern New York, the Ordovician strata of northern New York and the Siluro-Devonian strata of central New York. Each of these areas is examined in detail, demonstrating the evolution of thought on glaciated karst through case studies of individual caves as well as larger cave systems. Additionally, this book describes the geology and glaciation, the evolution of karst landscapes from pre-glacial times to the present and human interaction with the caves in the region.