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The contributions in this volume reflect not only the growing understanding of the underlying mechanisms controlling the various reactions in laser surface processing, but also the potential of several developing applications of direct processing. The most notable trend in the field currently is the technique of laser ablation, which is reported in almost a quarter of the papers in this volume. Whilst by no means a new phenomenon, attention has until recent years remained in the area of lithography and UV-sensitive materials. The growth in interest lies in the use of the technique to grow multi-component thin films and multi-layers. A number of papers on the topic of process diagnostics and in-situ measurements are also included. The theme of these annual meetings is centred around the physical and chemical modification of thin films and surfaces induced by the action of photon, ion, neutral, or electron beams in a variety of environments. Consequently these proceedings provide a comprehensive and unified presentation of the latest developments in this field.
The first in-depth treatment of the synthesis, processing, and characterization of nanomaterials using lasers, ranging from fundamentals to the latest research results, this handy reference is divided into two main sections. After introducing the concepts of lasers, nanomaterials, nanoarchitectures and laser-material interactions in the first three chapters, the book goes on to discuss the synthesis of various nanomaterials in vacuum, gas and liquids. The second half discusses various nanomaterial characterization techniques involving lasers, from Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies to light dynamic scattering, laser spectroscopy and such unusual techniques as laser photo acoustic, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, ultrafast dynamics and laser-induced thermal pulses. The specialist authors adopt a practical approach throughout, with an emphasis on experiments, set-up, and results. Each chapter begins with an introduction and is uniform in covering the basic approaches, experimental setups, and dependencies of the particular method on different parameters, providing sufficient theory and modeling to understand the principles behind the techniques.
This book contains both the invited and the contributed papers presented at the Symposium "Surface Processing: Laser, Lamp, Plasma" held during the annual Spring Meeting of the European Materials Research Society in Strasbourg, France, June 16-19 1998. Surface processing of materials using laser, lamp or plasma is one of the most active fields of research in Europe and, as such, requires to be periodically reviewed at International Conference level. This year, the expanded surface processing symposium lasted for 3.5 days and, as an international forum, addressed not only fundamental questions in the field but also progress and new perspectives in various applications. The major subjects discussed during the meeting included fundamental process studies, modelling of growth mechanisms and surface modification, characterization of synthesised or modified materials, material modification at a nanometric scale, development of in-situ analytical techniques and applications towards device fabrication. About 200 papers were presented by some 120 participants.
The current status of the science and technology related to coatings, thin films and surface modifications produced by directed energy techniques is assessed in Materials Surface Processing by Directed Energy Techniques. The subject matter is divided into 20 chapters - each presented at a tutorial level – rich with fundamental science and experimental results. New trends and new results are also evoked to give an overview of future developments and applications. - Provides a broad overview on modern coating and thin film deposition techniques, and their applications - Presents and discusses various problems of physics and chemistry involved in the production, characterization and applications of coatings and thin films - Each chapter includes experimental results illustrating various models, mechanisms or theories
Lasers can alter the surface composition and properties of materials in a highly controllable way, which makes them efficient and cost-effective tools for surface engineering. This book provides an overview of the different techniques, the laser-material interactions and the advantages and disadvantages for different applications. Part one looks at laser heat treatment, part two covers laser additive manufacturing such as laser-enhanced electroplating, and part three discusses laser micromachining, structuring and surface modification. Chemical and biological applications of laser surface engineering are explored in part four, including ways to improve the surface corrosion properties of metals. - Provides an overview of thermal surface treatments using lasers, including the treatment of steels, light metal alloys, polycrystalline silicon and technical ceramics - Addresses the development of new metallic materials, innovations in laser cladding and direct metal deposition, and the fabrication of tuneable micro- and nano-scale surface structures - Chapters also cover laser structuring, surface modification, and the chemical and biological applications of laser surface engineering
Synthesis of nonequilibrium metallic phases has been an area of great interest to the materials processing community since early 1960. Inherent rapid cooling rates in laser processing are being used to engineer non-equilibrium microstructures which cannot be rivaled by other processes. This lecture will discuss the phenomena involved and its application in designing materials with tailored properties. What is non-equilibrium Synthesis? This is a synthesis method to produce binary or higher order materials where kinetics of the pro cess affects the transport of the constituent elements during phase transformation resulting in a composition or crystallographic configuration which is different from what is observed when the elements arranges themselves with the lowest possible Gibbs Free energy, which is the equilibrium condition. Figure 1 illustrates the phenomena. Phase diagram under equilibrium condition is illustrated by the solid line whereas the no-equilibrium phase diagram is represented by the dotted line. One can observe the shrinkage of the phase field under non-equilibrium condition. Any alloy composition between the solidus lines of the equilibrium and non-equilibrium phase diagram will be a non equilibrium alloys with extended solid solution.
Surface modification of engineering materials using lasers by means of alloying and cladding have opened up numerous applications in recent years to selectively improve the tribological and high temperature corrosion properties without affecting the bulk-properties of the substrate. The present investigation has been focused on developing such laser-synthesized cost-effective coatings. The major emphasis has been given to identify the effects of key laser processing parameters such as laser power, process speed, and powder feed rate on the microstructure, compositional homogeneity, coating geometry, mechanical properties, tribological characteristics and high temperature oxidation behavior. The coatings include Fe-Cr-W-C and Fe-W-Co-Cr-V-C alloy systems on low carbon steel substrate for wear resistance applications at low to medium temperatures and Fe-Cr-Al-Y coatings on stainless steel substrates for high temperature applications ($>$1000$rmspcirc C).$ The Fe-Cr-W-C coatings were found to solidify via hypoeutectic (primary fcc-$gamma$ phase and interdendritic $gamma$ and Cr-rich $rm Msb7Csb3$ phase (hypoeutectic) or hypereutectic (primary Cr-rich carbides and eutectic network) solidification modes depending on the alloy composition. In-situ TEM study of the Fe-Cr-W-C coatings (at $570rmspcirc C)$ provided systematic understanding of the fundamental phase change characteristics with fcc-$gamma$ phase changing to a bcc-$alpha$ phase and stability of Cr-rich $rm Msb7Csb3$ carbides with adequate hardness after about 3.2 hours. The tribological tests revealed that the major friction mechanism is due to plowing and the wear resistance is attributed to the fine grained carbide network in a strained $gamma$-matrix. The high speed tool coatings were found to contain primary $gamma$ phase and $alpha$-ferrite in the matrix, with V-rich (MC) and W-rich $rm (Msb6C$ and $rm Msb2C)$ carbides in the grain boundaries and in the eutectic and cause secondary hardening after thermal treatment at $550spcircrm C$ for 2 hours due to martensitic and secondary carbide precipitation reactions. Fe-Cr-Al-Y coatings were found to provide excellent high temperature oxidation protection at $1200spcircrm C$ for about 100 hours with the formation of $alpha$-$rm Alsb2Osb3$ and thermally stable $alpha$-phase comprising Fe, Cr and Al in the matrix regions. Based on several experimental findings, Laser Processing Maps for Surface Engineering Applications (LPMSEA) which are useful for engineers in the industry and academic researchers were developed.