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The revised second edition of this practical book reviews the fundamentals of cryogenic liquid behaviour in small and large scale storage systems. The text is based on research findings on the convective and evaporative behaviour of cryogenic fluids, aimed at improving the design, construction and operation of low-loss cryogenic liquid storage systems, with a view to minimising cost and improving operational safety. Since the first edition was published in 2006, the breadth of cryogenic applications and the modelling of cryogenic fluid dynamics (CFD) have expanded in several directions. In this second edition, most chapters have been extended to introduce discussions of these new applications and their safety and energy economy. These include advances in the modelling of CFD required in, for example, the design of miniature cryocoolers and condensers and reboilers, large-scale cryogenic liquid mixture properties and their stability, and the understanding that hazards and safety problems in the public domain increase with the scaling up of cryogenic systems. With helpful summaries at the end of each chapter, the book is an essential reference for anyone working on the design and operation of cryogenic liquid storage and transportation systems.
Cryogenic systems that involve two-phase (vapor-liquid) flows are widely used in industries such as aerospace, metallurgy, power engineering, and food production, as well as in high energy physics research. The purpose of this book is to describe characteristic features of cryogenic systems involving two-phase flow, create mathematical models of these systems, and then show how the models may be used to develop optimal designs for practical cryogenic systems. The models are examined using analytical and numerical techniques, and then the predictions are compared to experimental measurements. Since transient phenomena can produce severe and unexpected effects in cryogenic systems, the authors pay particular attention to this important topic. Examples in the book are drawn from cryogenic fluid transport, gasification, and the stabilization of superconducting magnets. Much of this work is related to the development of large Russian systems in the areas of space technology, energy research, and particle physics. This book, the first devoted solely to cryogenic two-phase flow, will be a valuable reference for cryogenic engineers and scientists.
All papers have been peer-reviewed. The Cryogenic Engineering Conference covers applications and systems at temperatures where ordinary gases are liquids or solids, generally less than 150 K (-120°C or 185°F). It covers the newest approaches to producing low temperatures and to the use of systems at low temperatures, such as new superconducting magnets, high temperature superconducting electrical power applications, space applications and the properties of fluids and materials at these temperatures. Design, construction, testing, and characterization of cryogenic systems are presented. Topics include: Hydrogen: Past, Present, and Future; Liquefied Natural Gas; Liquid Helium: Refrigeration and Supply; Large Scale Cryogenic Systems; Large Scale Cryogenic Test Facilities; Expanders, Pumps, and Compressors; Large Cryosystem Components and Issues; Cryogenic Instrumentation, Controls, and Measurements; Cryostats: Design and Performance; Cryostates and Cryogenics for Herschel-Planck Mission; Superconducting RF Systems; Thermal Insulation; Material, Property Measurements; Low Temperature Superconducting Magnet Systems; High Temperature Superconducting Magnet Systems; High Temperature Superconducting Cables; High Current Leads; Helium II Phenomena; Fluid Dynamics, Heat Transfer, and Thermodynamics; Cryogenics at Zero G; Cryocooler Programs Overviews; Cryocooler Reliability; Stirling Cryocoolers; Pulse Tube - G-M Type; Pulse Tube JT and Heat Exchanger Modeling and Performance Issues; Brayton, Collins, Sorption Cryocoolers; JT and Thermoacoustic Cryocoolers; Magnetic Refrigeration; Hybrid Cycle Cryocoolers; Terrestrial Applications of Cryocoolers; and Novel Concepts or Devices.
Liquid Acquisition Devices for Advanced In-Space Cryogenic Propulsion Systems discusses the importance of reliable cryogenic systems, a pivotal part of everything from engine propulsion to fuel deposits. As some of the most efficient systems involve advanced cryogenic fluid management systems that present challenging issues, the book tackles issues such as the difficulty in obtaining data, the lack of quality data and models, and the complexity in trying to model these systems. The book presents models and experimental data based on rare and hard-to-obtain cryogenic data. Through clear descriptions of practical data and models, readers will explore the development of robust and flexible liquid acquisition devices (LAD) through component-level and full-scale ground experiments, as well as analytical tools. This book presents new and rare experimental data, as well as analytical models, in a fundamental area to the aerospace and space-flight communities. With this data, the reader can consider new and improved ways to design, analyze, and build expensive flight systems. Presents a definitive reference for design ideas, analysis tools, and performance data on cryogenic liquid acquisition devices Provides historical perspectives to present fundamental design models and performance data, which are applied to two practical examples throughout the book Describes a series of models to optimize liquid acquisition device performance, which are confirmed through a variety of parametric component level tests Includes video clips of experiments on a companion website
Cryogenic engineering (cryogenics) is the production, preservation, and use or application of cold. This book presents a comprehensive introduction to designing systems to deal with heat – effective management of cold, exploring the directing (or redirecting), promoting, or inhibiting this flow of heat in a practical way. It provides a description of the necessary theory, design methodology, and advanced demonstrations (thermodynamics, heat transfer, thermal insulation, fluid mechanics) for many frequently occurring situations in low-temperature apparatus. This includes systems that are widely used such as superconducting magnets for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), high-energy physics, fusion, tokamak and free electron laser systems, space launch and exploration, and energy and transportation use of liquid hydrogen, as well as potential future applications of cryo-life sciences and chemical industries. The book is written with the assumption that the reader has an undergraduate understanding of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics, in addition to the mechanics of materials, material science, and physical chemistry. Cryogenic Heat Management: Technology and Applications for Science and Industry will be a valuable guide for those researching, teaching, or working with low-temperature or cryogenic systems, in addition to postgraduates studying the topic. Key features: Presents simplified but useful and practical equations that can be applied in estimating performance and design of energy-efficient systems in low-temperature systems or cryogenics Contains practical approaches and advanced design materials for insulation, shields/anchors, cryogen vessels/pipes, calorimeters, cryogenic heat switches, cryostats, current leads, and RF couplers Provides a comprehensive introduction to the necessary theory and models needed for solutions to common difficulties and illustrates the engineering examples with more than 300 figures
All papers have been peer-reviewed. The Cryogenic Engineering Conference covers applications and systems at temperatures where ordinary gases are liquids or solids, generally less than 150 K (-120°C or 185°F). It covers the newest approaches to producing low temperatures and to the use of systems at low temperatures, such as new superconducting magnets, high temperature superconducting electrical power applications, space applications and the properties of fluids and materials at these temperatures. Design, construction, testing, and characterization of cryogenic systems are presented. Topics include: Hydrogen: Past, Present, and Future; Liquefied Natural Gas; Liquid Helium: Refrigeration and Supply; Large Scale Cryogenic Systems; Large Scale Cryogenic Test Facilities; Expanders, Pumps, and Compressors; Large Cryosystem Components and Issues; Cryogenic Instrumentation, Controls, and Measurements; Cryostats: Design and Performance; Cryostates and Cryogenics for Herschel-Planck Mission; Superconducting RF Systems; Thermal Insulation; Material, Property Measurements; Low Temperature Superconducting Magnet Systems; High Temperature Superconducting Magnet Systems; High Temperature Superconducting Cables; High Current Leads; Helium II Phenomena; Fluid Dynamics, Heat Transfer, and Thermodynamics; Cryogenics at Zero G; Cryocooler Programs Overviews; Cryocooler Reliability; Stirling Cryocoolers; Pulse Tube - G-M Type; Pulse Tube JT and Heat Exchanger Modeling and Performance Issues; Brayton, Collins, Sorption Cryocoolers; JT and Thermoacoustic Cryocoolers; Magnetic Refrigeration; Hybrid Cycle Cryocoolers; Terrestrial Applications of Cryocoolers; and Novel Concepts or Devices.