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The central focus of each chapter is language policy and how it accomplishes-or fails to accomplish-the task of maintaining national unity in the face of linguistic diversity. Included among the nations considered are examples of postcolonial cultures, as well as nations that have sheltered linguistic minorities within their borders throughout their history, countries fragmented into tribal groups, and those divided by a plethora of local dialects.
This is a study of the self-maintenance efforts, rationales, and accomplishments of non-English speaking immigrants on American shores. It is not a study of the assimilation of American immigrants and of the resultant formation of the supra-ethnic American nation. The two processes--de-ethnization and Americanization, opposite cultural-linguistic self-maintenance--are equally ubiquitous throughout all of American history. As a nation we have paid infinitely more attention to the Americanization process than to the self-maintenance process. This study represents an all too preliminary attempt to redress this imbalance in attention. At the present time, non-English language skills are recognized as scarce and vital commodities in the conduct of our nation's international relations. Is it possible that we have appreciable but as yet unrecognized resources of these scarce commodities? This is an attempt to explore the current extent and status of culture and language maintenance efforts. Varying approaches, topics, and levels of collaboration and cross-fertilization were encouraged. It is hoped that the report produced leaves the field of inquiry somewhat more organized than when this effort began.
Studies on the interaction of languages are gaining importance in today's world, which is characterized by accelerated migration and increasing cultural exchange. In contrast to most research in this field, which concentrates on one embedded language against a matrix language, Gergely Tóth examines the linguistic behaviors in two immigrant speech communities, German and Hungarian, against the background of English. The results of linguistic interference and the ongoing attrition process in these communities are the main focus of this book. By offering a thorough description of linguistic, biographical, and sociolinguistic data spanning three generations in each community, and by contrasting the findings and the detailed error statistics yielded by 500 sentences from each of these two non-related embedded languages, this work contributes to our understanding of contact linguistic mechanisms and sheds light on specific grammatical and lexical features that are most prone to attritional forces. An in-depth historical portrayal of these two speech communities in San Francisco and a complete list of the 1,000 sentences with all identified speaker errors complement the volume.
This short volume provides a comprehensive and synoptic view of Joshua A. Fishman's contributions to international sociolinguistics. The two integrative essays provide readers with the essential understandings of Fishmanian sociolinguistics and his contributions to Yiddish scholarship. An up-to-date comprehensive bibliography prepared by Gella Schweid Fishman, as well as Fishman's own concluding sentiments, complement the integrative essays.
This book explores bilingual community education, specifically the educational spaces shaped and organized by American ethnolinguistic communities for their children in the multilingual city of New York. Employing a rich variety of case studies which highlight the importance of the ethnolinguistic community in bilingual education, this collection examines the various structures that these communities use to educate their children as bilingual Americans. In doing so, it highlights the efforts and activism of these communities and what bilingual community education really means in today's globalized world. The volume offers new understandings of heritage language education, bilingual education, and speech communities for bilingual Americans in the 21st century.
This Handbook is an in-depth appraisal of the field of minority languages and communities today. It presents a wide-ranging, coherent picture of the main topics, with key contributions from international specialists in sociolinguistics, policy studies, sociology, anthropology and law. Individual chapters are grouped together in themes, covering regional, non-territorial and migratory language settings across the world. It is the essential reference work for specialist researchers, scholars in ancillary disciplines, research and coursework students, public agencies and anyone interested in language diversity, multilingualism and migration.
In order to establish a model for the investigation of 'incomplete L1 acquisition' - the phenomenon whereby a bilingual speaker incompletely acquires the socially non-dominant language - the author offers a description and analysis of the speech of ten elderly speakers of Yiddish who acquired Yiddish as an L1 simultaneously with English but have not used the language since childhood. Of central interest is the question of whether the divergent forms in the data are the result of L1 attrition - the loss of knowledge once possessed - or incomplete L1 acquisition - lack of initial acquisition of the forms reflecting in the data 'fossilized' divergent child language. Bringing together certain disparate theoretical ideas, the author accepts Chomskyan notions of innateness and the language faculty while also considering the role of input in social/sociolinguistic terms. Specifically, issues such as 'linguistic identity' and patterns of use are shown to affect the quality of acquisition in bilingual situations. Through comparison with the speech of 'native' Yiddish adults, and mono- and bilingual German and Dutch children, a linguistic rule (present perfect) is isolated and shown to be due to incomplete L1 acquisition and not L1 attrition. In short, the study offers an account of what occurs when the child's innate inclination to organize linguistic input into a mature linguistic system collides with insurmountable social and sociolinguistic hindrances to 'normal' acquisition. Die Monographie erarbeitet einen theoretischen Rahmen für die Untersuchung von unvollständigem Erstspracherwerb am Beispiel des Jiddischen. Die Analyse konzentriert sich auf das Sprachverhalten älterer Menschen, die Jiddisch gleichzeitig mit Englisch erwarben und die jiddische Sprache seit der Kindheit nicht mehr verwendeten. Im Zentrum steht die Frage, ob ungrammatische Formen im untersuchten Material auf den Verlust ursprünglich gekannter Formen oder auf den unvollständigen Erstspracherwerb zurückzuführen sind. Die Untersuchung macht die Annahme der letztgenannten Möglichkeit wahrscheinlich.
Unprecedented in scope and critical perspective, America and the Germans presents an analysis of the history of the Germans in America and of the turbulent relations between Germany and the United States. The two volumes bring together research in such diverse fields as ethnic studies, political science, linguistics, and literature, as well as American and German history. Contributors are leading American and German scholars, such as Kathleen Neils Conzen, Joshua A. Fishman, Peter Gay, Harold Jantz, Gunter Moltmann, Steven Muller, Theo Sommer, Fritz Stern , Herbert A. Strauss, Gerhard L. Weinberg, and Don Yoder. These scholars assess the ethnicity and acculturation of German-Americans from the seventeenth century to the twentieth; the state of German language and culture in the United States; World War I as a turning point in relations between German and America; the political, economic, and cultural relations before and after World War II; and the midcentury state of affairs between the two countries. Special chapters are devoted to the Pennsylvania Germans, Jewish-German immigration after 1933, Americanism in Germany, and a critical appraisal of current research. American and the Germans presents a fascinating introduction to the subject as well as new perspectives for a more critical and comprehensive study of its many facets. It can be used as a reader in the fields of German studies, American studies, political science, European and German history, American history, ethnic studies, and German and American literature. Although each contribution reflects the state of current scholarship, it is formulated with the uninitiated reader in mind.
At the dawning of the 21st century, foreign language education in the United States is experiencing a period marked by exciting possibilities. Theorists and practitioners embrace a move from a perceived position of teaching only the elite to a nationally initiated cross-disciplinary and cross-cultural orientation embodied in the latest standards. Given the presence of non-English languages in all parts of the United States, a growing number of scholars are beginning to examine the sociological context in which this educational endeavor is carried out, noting that the figure of professional practice is inextricably linked to issues of cultural and academic context. Theory-informed practice in the coming years, therefore, will include the challenge of examining a broad range of topics related to curricular and instructional principles and procedures. The text is intended to provide a collection of perspectives related to issues of pluralism and reform as they will influence theory-informed practice of foreign language education in the coming century. Drawing from a variety of contributors from both inside and outside of foreign/second language education, this text brings the voices of scholars together focused on issues of contemporary consequence. The chapters center around a focusing theme in the form of the following question: How does the changing social and academic context of language education in the United States impact the future of our discipline?
The book is arranged alphabetically from Academic English to Zelasko, Nancy.