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Role of Giant Honeybees in Natural and Agricultural Systems provides multidisciplinary perspective about the different facets of giant honeybees. Giant honeybees–Apis dorsata and Apis laboriosa are excellent pollinators of crops, fruits, and vegetables in cultivated and natural lanscapes. Their large size, long foraging range, and large work force make them the most spectacular of all honeybee species for crop pollination and honey production. Due to their decline, ecosystems and global food security are being threatened. This book is the first of its kind which deals in detail on varied aspects of giant honeybee biology, management, conservation strategies for protecting biodiversity and enhancing crop productivity. It aims to promote a large, diverse, sustainable, and dependable bee pollinator workforce that can meet the challenge for optimizing food production in 21st century. SALIENT FEATURES: Covers the latest information on various aspects of biology of giant honeybees and brings the latest advances together in a single volume for researchers and advanced level students Provides an excellent source of advanced study material for academics, researchers and students and programme planners Provides an excellent source of livelihood in mountainous areas and marginal farmers Deals with biology, management and conservation strategies for protecting biodiversity and enhancing crop productivity Excellent pollinator of tropical and subtropical crops, fruits, vegetables, etc. less prone to diseases and enemies This book will be useful for pollination biologists, honeybee biologists, scientists working in agriculture, animal behavior, conservation, biology, ecology, entomologists, environmental biologists, etc.
The future role of dwarf honeybees in natural and agricultural systems provides multidisciplinary perspective about the different facets of dwarf honeybees. The role of dwarf honeybee Apis florea assumes utmost importance in the context of pollinator decline throughout the world threatening stability of ecosystems and global food security. Apis florea is a low land species of south Asia extending more to the west than other Asiatic Apis species. It is an important pollinator of crops in hot and dry agricultural plains. The book is first of its kind which deals in details on varied aspects of Apis florea biology, management, conservation strategies for protecting biodiversity and enhancing crop productivity. The book aims to promote a large, diverse, sustainable, and dependable bee pollinator workforce that can meet the challenge for optimizing food production well into the 21st century. Features: Apis florea provides source of livelihood in mountainous areas and marginal farmers. This book will for the first time present the beekeeping from the perspective of agricultural production and biodiversity conservation An excellent source of advanced study material for academics, researchers and students and programme planners Excellent pollinator of tropical and subtropical crops fruits vegetables etc less prone to diseases and enemies Covering the latest information on various aspects of Apis florea biology, this book brings the latest advances together in a single volume for researchers and advanced level students This book will be useful to pollination biologists, honeybee biologists in entomology departments, students, teachers, scientists of agriculture, animal behaviour, botany, conservation, biology, ecology, entomology, environmental biology, forestry, genetics, plant breeding, horticulture, toxicology, zoology, seed growers and seed agencies and shall serve as reference book for students, teachers, researchers, extension functionaries and policy planners.
The Foraging Behavior of the Honeybee (Apis mellifera, L.) provides a scholarly resource for knowledge on the regulation, communication, resource allocation, learning and characteristics of honeybee foraging behavior at the individual and colony level. Foraging, in this context, is the exploration of the environment around a honey bee hive and the collection of resources (pollen, nectar, water, etc.) by bees in the worker caste of a colony. Honeybees have the unique ability to balance conflicting and changing resource needs in rapidly changing environments, thus their characterization as “superorganisms made up of individuals who act in the interest of the whole. This book explores the fascinating world of honey bees in their struggle to obtain food and resources in the ecosystem and environment around the hive. Written by a team of international experts on honey bee behavior and ecology, this book covers current and historical knowledge, research methods and modeling used in the field of study and includes estimates of key parameters of energy utilization, quantities of materials collected, and identifies inconsistencies or gaps in current knowledge in the field. Establishes a basis of current knowledge on honeybees to build and advance understanding of their foraging behavior Addresses stressors such as habitat loss, climate change, pesticides, pests and diseases Presents concise concepts that facilitate direct traceability to the original underlying research
Seminar paper from the year 2012 in the subject Biology - Zoology, grade: A, ( Atlantic International University ) (School of Science and Engineering), course: Master of Science (Applied Entomology), language: English, abstract: Bees evolved in specific areas of the world long ago, before they spread to become globally as they are today (Tables 1 and II), according to Kugonza (2009). As they spread, they became adapted to the local ecological conditions of the different areas, changing in morphology and behaviour to fit within the requirements of the ecosystem, giving rise to a wide bee biodiversity of bee species and races we see today. Bees are classified under Animal Kingdom, Phylum Arthropoda. They belong to Class Insecta, which is divided into 29 Orders. Bees belong to the order Hymenoptera, which has three Super families, namely: Apoidea (bees), Formicoidea (ants) and Vespoidea (wasps). There are around 30,000 named species of bees (Apoidea). Apoidea is further divided into several Families, namely Apidae (social bees), colletidae, Andrenidae, Halictidae, Melittidae, Megachilidae, and Anthophoridae. Most of the Families have solitary individuals: each female bee makes her own nest, lays a single egg and provides food for the single larva that develops. However, a high level of social development is shown by the species in Apidae where the individuals live together in a permanent, large colony, headed by a single egg-laying queen (BfD, 2003c). Apidae is composed of four genera: Apis (honeybees), Trigona and Melipona (stingless bees), and Bombus (bumble bees). According to MAAIF (2012a), the genus Apis is comprised of 5 main species of honey bees: Apis dorsata (the giant honey bee); Apis laboriosa (the darker giant honey bee); Apis florea (the little or dwarf honey bee); Apis cerana (formerly Apis indica), is the eastern hive honey bee; and Apis mellifera (western honey bee). These species have evolved and differentiated into more species and races of honey bees. Kugonza (2009) described 9 species of honey bees in the world, which Oldroyd and Wongsiri (2006) grouped under 3 subgenera: Micrapis (Apis florea and A. andreniformis), Megapis (A. dorsata and A. laboriosa) and Apis (A. cerana, recently recognized as separate races of A. nigrocinta, A. koschevnikovi and A. nuluensis, and A. mellifera). Dietz (1992), Hussein (2000) and Wikipedia (2012) described over 28 races of A. mellifera alone. Beekeeping started with honey bees (Apis species), a practice called Apiculture, although keeping of stingless bees, belonging to the genera Trigona and Melipona, a practice called Meliponiculture, has recently picked up [...]
One of the primary challenges foraging animals face is deciding how to divide their time between exploitation of known resources and exploration for new resources. As foraging is costly, investment in exploration should be mediated by natural selection to balance its costs and benefits in ways are tuned to species life history (e.g., lifespan, reproduction rate, activity level), individual state (e.g., experience, hunger, cognitive abilities), and environmental conditions (e.g., reward predictability, distribution, abundance). Efforts to understand the role each factor plays in the exploitation-exploration tradeoff are complicated by the complex scenario-specific ways in which they interact. In addition, the lack of comparative information on exploratory behavior limits our ability to draw generalizations. In this dissertation, I use a combination of experiments and comparative studies in four honey bee species to examine how interactions between life history, individual experience, and environmental conditions shape investment in foraging and exploration. Each chapter addresses how the interaction between two factors (e.g., life history and environment, individual experience and environment) shapes honey bee exploration, or provides an in-depth look at a previously understudied aspect of Asian honey bee life history and foraging behavior that could play a role in shaping their exploratory behavior. In Chapter 1, I investigate how evolved differences in life history interact with environmental reward context to shape worker investment in exploration in four honey bee species. Species that face higher mortality costs from exploration were generally less exploratory when confronted by a decrease in a familiar reward, but all species increased their investment in exploration as they experienced larger decreases in resource quality. These findings suggest that exploratory behavior has been tuned by natural selection to species life history but is also sensitive to the current environmental conditions. In Chapter 2, I use Apis mellifera to investigate how different past experiences with environmental predictability in the location or timing of rewards influence how honey bees search when those rewards are no longer available. My results show that honey bees that have had experience with unpredictable rewards are less precise but equally persistent in their search for vanished rewards, as compared with bees that have had experience with predictable rewards. This result suggests that a bee's experience with resource predictability shapes the way she searches but not her overall investment in exploration. In Chapter 3, I investigate the lifespan and foraging behavior of three honey bee species. For all three species, the age at which a bee first becomes active outside the nest was the primary predictor of her lifespan. Dwarf honey bee (A. florea) workers seem to have the longest lifespan, likely due to their much-delayed onset of flight outside the hive, supporting the idea that species that face higher costs from worker mortality should have longer-lived workers. Finally, in Chapter 4, I examine how investment in diurnal and nocturnal foraging activity by the giant honey bee (A. dorsata) changes across seasons and lunar cycles. I found that this species could be considered both diurnal and crepuscular, as well as facultatively nocturnal. The amount of nocturnal activity performed depended greatly on environmental illumination and the season, whereas crepuscular activity was extremely high regardless of season or illumination. This study paves the way for further investigations into the mortality costs associated with nocturnal foraging, and how those costs might shape their exploratory behavior during the day.