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This issue focuses on: 1) Exploring the significance of territorial spatial planning by stressing its necessity and main ideas under the contemporary background of ecological civilization construction in China, while re-examining the role of landscape architects in this reform. 2) Strengthening research on related methodologies and techniques of urban ecological planning, ecological security pattern, ecological infrastructure, and ecological restoration to improve cities' liveability and resilience and rebuild harmonious human-nature relationship under a mandatory planning framework combined with resilient measures, avoiding inflexible ecological conservation practices. 3) Analyzing and learning from diversified efforts made by different countries and regions to promote urban development while protecting ecosystems, particularly their experience on territorial, regional, and urban planning that is significantly valuable to the Chinese counterpart, to leverage the value of territorial natural resources. 4) Exploring feasible approaches that help restore urban ecosystem structure and ecological elements, and improve planning and design methods on specific sites, so as to enhance spatial construction and ecological quality, to eventually improve a national eco-security pattern with scientific and user-friendly planning and design. 5) Encouraging applications of research frontiers in geology, macro-ecology, regional economics, public management, and sustainability science.
In its history of over a hundred of years, landscape architecture has developed many ideas, concepts, methods, and models. In this issue, LA Frontiers focuses on prototype studies by examining those traceable and repeatable landscape theories, methodologies, and pedagogies, and introducing the knowledge from allied disciplines to inspire knowledge innovation, with a particular highlight on the prototypes adaptive to future uncertainties. It hopes to extend the disciplinary horizon and enrich the fruition of disciplinary growth, and to provide designers and scholars with prospective design thoughts and more resilient working methods. This issue explores the following aspects: First, prototyping process, or test planning process, which is characterized for the test-planning-design process and has been widely applied in the fields of computer sciences and industrial design but still being less explored in landscape architecture. This process emphasizes the multi-disciplinary collaboration and test procedure before design, which would improve the communication efficiency among professionals from different fields. Second, reflection and innovation on classic theories and models in landscape planning and design, such as Ian McHarg's Map Overlay and Carl Steinitz's Six Steps model. Third, research-based design, including design research or competitions with clear goals and boundary conditions which help designers comprehend the essence and implications of design and encourage disciplinary innovation. And fourth, inductive and empirical pedagogies to inspire forward-looking design ideas and working methods.
Observation and representation is a foundational subject in Landscape Architecture. Landscape design is a process shaped by the connections and interactions among designers, users, and the real world, where designers interpret the uniqueness, qualities, and milieu of sites they observed, understood, experienced, and reinterpret them into tangible elements to communicate and resonate with the users; where users also can experience and get empathized by the conveyed ideas or designed realities, as new observers. Designers' horizon and perception is subject to what they have sensed or learned, as well as individual consciousness and expertise, which also lay a foundation and define the tone of their design work. However, quite a few designers have immersed themselves with design stereotypes or been dogmatically pursuing "justice" or "equality," lacking critical thinking and inclusiveness and compromising creativity. This issue aims to explore the ways that help landscape architects: 1) see the scientism of design disciplines and explore the methodological principles of design generation; 2) translate and convey design ideas and emotional inspiration to the users with rich design vocabulary (in size, shape, material, proportion, composition, etc.) through multiple perceptual approaches; 3) read sites from economic, ecological, cultural, and other perspectives to present more convincing and appealing landscape narratives with the aid of emerging technological means; 4) understand various needs of all parties and stakeholders, coordinating interests and benefits and improving the utilization of public resources through landscape design; and 5) create educational places for improving the public's rational and aesthetic norms. Moreover, it hopes that this issue can demonstrate more possibilities of design thinking and methods through cross-disciplinary exchange to make landscape architects understand their roles and the realities better. For instance, in Art Theory "observation and presentation" is more about the logic, medium, and approaches of representation with a respect to individual interpretations on the society, economy, politics, and culture of the real world, which glows as a valuable reference and supplement to the circumstances of landscape architecture.
Design is a means to satisfy social demands, and such demands come from human desires. Only when individuals' desires fuse and grow into a collective consensus, can they be manifested and conveyed in various landscape forms as new public goods. As a public goods serving human desires and social demands, landscape design faces both challenges and opportunities preceding undergoing public crises. In this issue, LA Frontiers explores the implications of human desires on public behaviors through cross-disciplinary lenses of philosophy, social psychology, cognitive science, cultural studies, anthropology, sociology, history, etc. It would offer inspiring insights for landscape professionals to identity their role in responding to contemporary demands and those of future societies. At present, in view of the spatial isolation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent prevalence of contactless services, the current conventional space-time narrative may be dramatically changed. The fact that both "observing" and "being observed" now become consumer goods within landscape enables landscape architects to recognize and examine people's suppressed desires and unmet needs, introspect the rationality and necessity of marginal desires, and thus, redefine the sophisticated interactions between landscape design and human desires, as well social demands.
Climate change poses challenges for human survival and societal development, including frequent urban disasters such as high wave and urban waterlogging, as well as extreme weather events such as sea level rise, floods, tropical storm, wide-range drought, and high temperature in polar regions. Contributed in part by reducing greenhouse gas emission, and also by the means of improving local resilience, the international community have been working on mitigating the uncertain impact of climate change. Against the backdrop of carbon reduction policy such as Carbon Emission Peak and Carbon Neutrality proposed by Chinese government, regional sustainable progress inevitably calls for resilient strategies for human settlements that address local issues upon climate change adaption and resilience theories. Since the impact of climate change on human settlements, risk and resilience assessment methods, and spatial and technological strategies have already broadly studied by international academia, more attention should be taken into research on spatial planning, urban design, landscape design, innovative engineering, emerging technology application, and interdisciplinary perspective to strive to realize the goals of peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. To this end, this issue expects to discuss the resilient strategies adaptive to climate change for improve human settlements at varied scales. Introducing international perspectives, LA Frontiers encourages the bridging the latest research outcome with application and practice.
This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.
This book is a quick and easy-to-use reference guide for choosing plant material for landscape designs. This reference manual includes comprehensive lists with search criteria for each of the major plant groups, including trees, shrubs, groundcovers, perennials, vines, grasses, and ferns. These plant groups contain hundreds of specific species, varieties, and cultivars that are readily available in the marketplace from the major production nurseries. Landscape architects, designers, contractors, or anyone who designs with plants, can easily choose plants that will work on their site. The book is technical enough for the professional, yet simple enough to be used by the layperson. Both botanical and common names are used and an extensive amount of cultural and environmental information is presented. While many other books of this kind give only basic information such as sun/shade, height/width, there are so many as 30 specific categories for each plant group. The categories cover such important criteria as light and soil requirements, zone hardiness, height and width, pest and disease susceptibility, urban tolerance, and tolerance to salt and drought. The lists also include many criteria often overlooked such as growth rates, overall messiness, root systems, minimal fall clean up, maintenance levels, soil PH and landscape value/use, and many visual characteristics such as texture, foliage color and fall colors, bloom colors and seasons, shapes and forms, attractive bark and foliage and more. There is also a candid Pros & Cons section covering some realistic considerations for each of the plant species groups.