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This book explores tribal land alienation problems in India and tribal agitation against land encroachment and alienation. It discusses India’s tribal land problem and explains how despite legislation to protect tribal lands, the problem has not been resolved since neither the letter nor the spirit of the law has been implemented. Due to continuous land encroachment and alienation by outsiders, the negligence of the revenue administration and the apathy of the central and state government, the situation concerning tribal land in the country have became precarious. In this context, the book highlights the process of land estrangement among the tribes and the related movements, focusing on the Narayanpatna land movement in the Koraput district of Odisha. It argues that land remains a central issue that is extremely important for tribes as it directly affects their life, livelihood, freedom and development, and that the cultural attachment of tribes and their views regarding the idea of ‘place’ (land) furnishes crucial perspectives in understanding the politics of collective resistance. It also discusses the politicization of group identity and material interest against the outside authority as the basis of the unrest among the tribes, and when the grudges of the people are hardened due to insensitivity and tyranny, the extent of tribal resistance escalates, leading to conflict between the state and its own people. Given its scope, this book is a valuable resource for students and research scholars, as well as for policymakers and anyone interested in Indian democracy and development in general, and tribal problems, issues and politics in particular.
The study focuses upon the process of land alienation going on since the colonial period, the skewed patterns of socio-economic development in the tribal area after independence and the resulting political movements in Andhra Pradesh, South India. The existing literature shows that majority of the studies on tribes in Andhra Pradesh, South India have focused upon the sociological or anthropological aspects of tribal life, their exploitation or upon the leadership, strategy and tactics of the Naxalite movements, while ignoring the basic underlying causes. The processes of land alienation, due to the entry of non-tribals, commoditization of land, introduction of cash crops etc., which began under the feudal and oppressive Nizam State in Andhra Pradesh, South India. Further, our book tries to look at the policies of the colonial state that has been examined in detail and provide a background to the post colonial situation. It also shows that after independence, the land transfer regulation act, and the various developmental programmes introduced into the tribal area, has not yielded significant results. A detailed survey reveals that landlessness, unemployment, poverty and increasing social alienation from hostility towards non-tribals is increasing in these regions. It is these factors that underlie them often violent political movement in the pre and post independence movement which have been described in detail in our book. The study concludes that unless tribal lands and economy are protected, and a pattern of development better suited to their way of life is introduced, tribal oppression and movements keep on arises further in any backward regions. Our book hopes to fill this gap by establishing inter-linkages in socio-economic conditions of the tribal population of Andhra Pradesh, South India. Our book is interdisciplinary in nature and shall be useful to scholars and students of Political Economy, Political Science, Rural Development, Public Administration, Anthropology, Sociology, Gender Studies and Development. It is widely applicable to all sections of the marginalized socially, economically, culturally, academically, politically and other wise.
Indigenous people (tribals) are viewed as historical objects of curiosity worldwide. In India, tribes have been marginalised by the creation of administrative boundaries and further hedged in by administrative (forest and land) policies, legislations, colonial and modern market economic orientations, technology, indifferent state policies and social pressures. The way of life of tribal communities, and production and distribution relations among them, has undergone significant changes in recent decades. It is necessary to enquire as to how these changes were brought about and to consider their impact in a historical context. This book brings together issues like the variations in the magnitude of land alienation, methods of land alienation, tribal movements, and restoration of alienated land among the selected villages, namely Reddyganapavaram, Darbhagudem and Reddynagampalem in the state of Andhra Pradesh. It also examines the role of changes in technology, cropping patterns, irrigation, agricultural wages, the nature of the work and the number of working days in a year among the tribal people, and their impact on overcoming poverty in the tribal economy. The book focuses chiefly on social and political mobilisation among the tribal population, the role of non-governmental organisations in the process of building awareness and educating them towards understanding legal procedures and techniques to deal with the issues of land alienation, labour exploitation and restoration of alienated land. With its insightful contributions, Mapping the Tribal Economy will be of immense value to teachers, students, and scholars of economics, tribal studies, economic anthropology, public administration and social work. It will also be of interest to policy makers, administrators, social activists, non-governmental organisations, and those working with tribal communities.
The book makes a humble attempt to provide some facets of agrarian situation and their transformation in relation to major tribes at national level with settled cultivation and in relation to primitive tribal groups practising age-old shifting cultivation until recently.
No Aboriginal content.
Study on the tribal areas of Gujarat, India.
Contributed articles.