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LA CONVENTION SUR LES ARMES CHIMIQUES DU 13 JANVIER 1993, ENTREE EN VIGUEUR LE 27 AVRIL 1997, PRESCRIT UNE ELIMINATION DES ARMES CHIMIQUES A L'ECHELLE MONDIALE, QUI SOIT EFFECTIVEMENT VERIFIABLE. LES ACTIVITES DE VERIFICATION SONT CONFIEES A L'ORGANISATION POUR L'INTERDICTION DE ARMES CHIMIQUES (OIAC). LA VERIFICATION IMPLIQUE UNE COOPERATION DES ETATS QUI PASSE PAR L'ETABLISSEMENT D'UNE AUTORITENATIONALE CHARGEE D'ASSURER UNE LIAISON AVEC L'OIAC ET D'ASSISTER CETTE DERNIERE DANS SES ACTIVITES. LA COOPERATION AMENE EGALEMENT LES ETATS A DEVOIR ADAPTER LEUR LEGISLATION INTERNE. L'OBTENTION DE DECLARATIONS ETATIQUES D'ACTIVITES, LA REALISATION D'INSPECTIONS DE ROUTINE ET LE RECOURS EVENTUEL A UN DISPOSITIF DE CRISE, L'INSPECTION PAR MISE EN DEMEURE, DOIVENT PERMETTRE AU SECRETARIAT TECHNIQUE DE L'OIAC D'ETABLIR UNE VERITABLE SURVEILLANCE. L'APPRECIATION JURIDIQUE DES FAITS, AINSI QU'UN POUVOIR DE REACTION EN CAS DE VIOLATION CONSTATEE, SONT CONFIES AUX ORGANES POLITIQUES DE L'OIAC. LE SYSTEME DE VERIFICATION EST MARQUANT DANS L'ENTREPRISE DE DESARMEMENT PAR L'ETENDUE DE LA SURVEILLANCE EXERCEE SUR L'INDUSTRIE CIVILE, LA NATURE INTRUSIVE DE L'INSPECTION PAR MISE EN DEMEURE ET LE ROLE DE L'OIAC DANS LE TRAITEMENT DES QUESTIONS DE VIOLATION. ON ASSISTE A UNE INTENSIFICATION DE LA VERIFICATION ET A UNE TRANSFORMATION DE SA TACTIQUE ET DE SA FONCTION. CES MUTATIONS S'INSCRIVENT EN CORRELATION AVEC UNE EVOLUTION DES CONCEPTIONS DE SECURITE.
The world has changed radically since 1989, when the General Assembly declared the period from 1990 to 1999 as the United Nations Decade of International Law. During that time, the international community claimed some major achievements as reflected by the adoption of conventions and treaties. This publication presents a collection of essays from legal advisers of States and international organizations, all of whom are among those committed to promoting respect for international law. Their contribution provides a practical perspective on international law, viewed from the standpoint of those involved in its formation, application and administration.
This book represents a first considered attempt to study the factors that conditioned industrial chemistry for war in 1914-18. Taking a comparative perspective, it reflects on the experience of France, Germany, Austria, Russia, Britain, Italy and Russia, and points to significant similarities and differences. It looks at changing patterns in the organisation of industry, and at the emerging symbiosis between science, industry and the military.
Trade can dramatically improve women’s lives, creating new jobs, enhancing consumer choices, and increasing women’s bargaining power in society. It can also lead to job losses and a concentration of work in low-skilled employment. Given the complexity and specificity of the relationship between trade and gender, it is essential to assess the potential impact of trade policy on both women and men and to develop appropriate, evidence-based policies to ensure that trade helps to enhance opportunities for all. Research on gender equality and trade has been constrained by limited data and a lack of understanding of the connections among the economic roles that women play as workers, consumers, and decision makers. Building on new analyses and new sex-disaggregated data, Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality aims to advance the understanding of the relationship between trade and gender equality and to identify a series of opportunities through which trade can improve the lives of women.
This paper discusses key findings and recommendations of the Detailed Assessment Report on Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT) for Rwanda. Rwanda has taken considerable steps over the last years to establish a national AML/CFT framework. The Rwandan authorities have made great progress in modernizing the financial sector, and aim at making it more attractive to foreign investors. Although the risks of money laundering and terrorist financing do not appear to be particularly significant in Rwanda, further action should be taken to bolster the legal framework, improve its implementation, strengthen overall supervision of reporting entities within the financial sector, and mitigate the potential domestic and cross-border risks.
Now in a comprehensively updated edition, this indispensable handbook analyzes how international humanitarian law has evolved in the face of these many new challenges. Central concerns include the war on terror, new forms of armed conflict and humanitarian action, the emergence of international criminal justice, and the reshaping of fundamental rules and consensus in a multipolar world. ThePractical Guide to Humanitarian Law provides the precise meaning and content for over 200 terms such as terrorism, refugee, genocide, armed conflict, protection, peacekeeping, torture, and private military companies—words that the media has introduced into everyday conversation, yet whose legal and political meanings are often obscure. The Guide definitively explains the terms, concepts, and rules of humanitarian law in accessible and reader-friendly alphabetical entries. Written from the perspective of victims and those who provide assistance to them, the Guide outlines the dangers, spells out the law, and points the way toward dealing with violations of the law. Entries are complemented by analysis of the decisions of relevant courts; detailed bibliographic references; addresses, phone numbers, and Internet links to the organizations presented; a thematic index; and an up-to-date list of the status of ratification of more than thirty international conventions and treaties concerning humanitarian law, human rights, refugee law, and international criminal law. This unprecedented work is an invaluable reference for policy makers and opinion leaders, students, relief workers, and members of humanitarian organizations. Published in cooperation with Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières.