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Para ello las principales fórmu- las utilizadas han sido el retraso de la edad de jubilación; el incremento pro- porcional de la pensión de aquellos que se jubilen con carreras de cotización más prolongadas; la penalización de quienes se jubilan antes o la elevación de la edad legal de jubilación. [...] Garantizar la estabilidad a largo plazo de las pensiones públicas dando cumplimiento a los planes de aumentar la edad de retiro de los 65 a los 67 años y extendiendo el número de años de cotización para el cálculo de la prestación. [...] La Comisión considera la prolongación de la vida laboral de los ciudadanos como un objetivo necesario y deseable; en este sen- tido, dado que el objetivo que se persigue es el de aumentar la edad real en la que los trabajadores abandonan el mercado de trabajo y teniendo en cuenta la evolución de la expectativa de vida después de los 65 años, la Comisión estima que es amplio el conjunto de medidas. [...] DT 01 La reforma de las pensiones ¿Cómo va a beneficiar a la sociedad española? 31 5 Los principios esenciales de la reforma de 2011 De acuerdo con las recomendaciones del Pacto de Toledo, y la experiencia interna- cional de otros países que ya han comenzado a revisar sus sistemas de pensiones ante la misma perspectiva de envejecimiento de la población en Europa y otros paí- ses desarrollados, cua. [...] DT 01 La reforma de las pensiones ¿Cómo va a beneficiar a la sociedad española? 32 • Flexibilidad: el aumento de la edad de jubilación, que el Gobierno puso en- cima de la mesa como uno de los elementos de la reforma del sistema de pensiones, tenía que plantearse lógicamente acompañado de los necesarios elementos que flexibilicen la regla general a la realidad de distintas profesio- nes y capacida.
Value Chain Finance is a solution to such dilemmas.
Latin America has been central to the main debates on development economics, ranging from the relationships between income inequality and economic growth, and the importance of geography versus institutions in development, to debates on the effects of trade, trade openness and protection on growth and income distribution. Despite increasing interest in the region there are few English language books on Latin American economics. This Handbook, organized into five parts, aims to fill this significant gap. Part I looks at long-term issues, including the institutional roots of Latin America's underdevelopment, the political economy of policy making, the rise, decline and re-emergence of alternative paradigms, and the environmental sustainability of the development pattern. Part II considers macroeconomic topics, including the management of capital account booms and busts, the evolution and performance of exchange rate regimes, the advances and challenges of monetary policies and financial development, and the major fiscal policy issues confronting the region, including a comparison of Latin American fiscal accounts with those of the OECD. Part III analyzes the region's economies in global context, particularly the role of Latin America in the world trade system and the effects of dependence on natural resources (characteristic of many countries of the region) on growth and human development. It reviews the trends of foreign direct investment, the opportunities and challenges raised by the emergence of China as buyer of the region's commodities and competitor in the world market, and the transformation of the Latin America from a region of immigration to one of massive emigration. Part IV deals with matters of productive development. At the aggregate level it analyzes issues of technological catching up and divergence as well as different perspectives on the poor productivity and growth performance of the region during recent decades. At the sectoral level, it looks at agricultural policies and performance, the problems and prospects of the energy sector, and the effects on growth of lagging infrastructure development. Part V looks at the social dimensions of development; it analyzes the evolution of income inequality, poverty, and economic insecurity in the region, the evolution of labor markets and the performance of the educational sector, as well as the evolution of social assistance programs and social security reforms in the region. The contributors are leading researchers that belong to different schools of economic thought and most come from countries throughout Latin America, representing a range of views and recognising the diversity of the region. This Handbook is a significant contribution to the field, and will be of interest to academics, graduate students and policy makers interested in economics, political economy, and public policy in Latin America and other developing economies.
In light of the rapid fluctuations in oil prices and subsequent impact on the stability and economic perspectives of energy producing and energy importing states in the Western Hemisphere, this book stresses the urgency to integrate sustainability at the very core of national energy security strategies. From Canada to Argentina, this edited volume analyzes a series of case studies and diverging paradigms across the continent. It underlines how the relatively recent exploitation of unconventional energy sources in North America and the resulting impact on prices impact the geopolitical concerns of traditional producers. It also explains how much energy strategies are central to the development of national economies and the stability of their society. Highlighting the shortcomings in several countries even at a time of high prices, the volume makes the case for an inclusive and holistic approach to energy security that would integrate environmental concerns at its very core. This edited volume also explains how this new energy independence of the western Hemisphere affects its foreign policy with the main international actors in the field of energy whether traditional producers or consumers. Finally, it provides key insights on successful strategy towards the development of alternative sources of energy.