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This book provides a modern and basic introduction to a branch of international law constantly gaining in importance in international life, namely international humanitarian law (the law of armed conflict). It is constructed in a way suitable for self-study. The subject-matters are discussed in self-contained chapters, allowing each to be studied independently of the others. Among the subject-matters discussed are, inter alia: the Relationship between jus ad bellum / jus in bello; Historical Evolution of IHL; Basic Principles and Sources of IHL; Martens Clause; International and Non-International Armed Conflicts; Material, Spatial, Personal and Temporal Scope of Application of IHL; Special Agreements under IHL; Role of the ICRC; Targeting; Objects Specifically Protected against Attack; Prohibited Weapons; Perfidy; Reprisals; Assistance of the Wounded and Sick; Definition of Combatants; Protection of Prisoners of War; Protection of Civilians; Occupied Territories; Protective Emblems; Sea Warfare; Neutrality; Implementation of IHL.
A most comprehensive book, first published in 1999, analysing the ICJ Advisory Opinions on nuclear weapons handed down in 1996.
The African Convention on the conservation of nature and natural resources was adopted in 1968 in Algiers. Considered the most forward looking regional agreement of the time, it influenced significantly the development of environmental law in Africa. Two and a half decades of intense developments in international environmental law made it necessary to revise this treaty, update its provisions and enlarge its scope. This was undertaken under the auspices of the African Union (previously OAU), and the revision was adopted by its Heads of State and Government in July 2003 in Maputo. The introduction provides an overview of this new international treaty, as well as a commentary to each of its provisions.
The State of Qatar, the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee (AALCC), in cooperation with the Secretariat of the United Nations and Frère Cholmeley (Paris) organised the Conference on International Legal Issues Arising under the United Nations Decade of International Law in Doha, Qatar on 22--25 March 1994. Around 60 speakers and 200 participants from more than 40 nations freely expressed their views on the progressive development of international law and its codification with a view to States' actions in the future adhering to the principles of international law as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations. The subjects dealt with by the Conference had one thing in common: they were all topical issues or, in French, `des questions d'actualité', and will remain thus throughout the United Nations Decade of International Law. The various themes were Environmental Law, the Law of the Sea, the Settlement of Disputes, Humanitarian Law, and the Rio Conference, Post-Rio and the New International Economic Order. This book which contains the Conference proceedings will be of great interest to lawyers specializing in international law. The book is not only a photograph of some very important issues as they existed and were perceived in 1994, it will also serve as a reference book and a unique tool which will be indispensable to understanding some of the most crucial legal problems with which the world community is faced today.
Manipulé par l'homme à des fins militaires ou victime des effets collatéraux de la guerre, l'environnement sort toujours blessé des conflits armés. Les conséquences environnementales graves de certains conflits, internes ou internationaux, passés ou actuels, posent avec acuité la question de la protection de l'environnement durant ces conflits. Adoptant une démarche positiviste, cette étude examine dans un premier temps comment le droit de la guerre protège aujourd'hui l'environnement. Elle se penche ensuite sur le droit de la paix pour examiner dans quelle mesure les règles, toujours plus nombreuses, du droit international de l'environnement continuent à s'appliquer en temps de conflit armé. L'analyse est complétée par un examen de la mise en oeuvre de la responsabilité internationale dans ce domaine: de la responsabilité étatique, tout d'abord, et des différents problèmes que pose la réparation du préjudice écologique; de la responsabilité individuelle aussi, car certaines évolutions récentes ouvrent des perspectives tout à fait nouvelles sur la répression des auteurs des "crimes écologiques". Deux questions essentielles se posent de façon récurrente tout au long de cette réflexion. La première concerne la difficile conciliation entre les inéluctables "nécessités militaires" et la recherche d'une protection efficace de l'envronnement. La seconde a trait aux finalités même de cette protection. Les tensions entre l'approche anthropocentrique et l'approche intrinsèque de la protection de l'environnement sont en effet encore plus vives en temps de guerre. L'étude essaye alors d' apprécier si ces deux approches sont vouées à demeurer conflictuelles ou si elles peuvent au contraire se compléter utilement
Collection of 20 essays by the author, republished as initially written in English or French. They reflect the development of the author's views as well as the evolution of the law of the sea itself since the beginning of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea.
La Commission du droit international, après avoir longuement hésité, a inscrit l’état de nécessité dans sa codification de la responsabilité des États en tant que circonstance excluant l’illicéité. L’objet de cette étude est de démontrer qu’il s’agit d’un mécanisme beaucoup plus diffus et fondamental du droit international, intimement lié à ses caractéristiques propres. Il a comme fonction la limitation des obligations substantielles des États lors de la survenance d’un fait-condition – la situation de nécessité – afin d’éviter que l’application du droit ne génère un coût social excessif. Sa réalisation requiert toujours une pondération des intérêts en conflit. Seulement lorsqu’un coût social excessif ne peut être évité, l’état de nécessité intervient dans le cadre des obligations secondaires de la responsabilité internationale, en tant que circonstance atténuante. After much hesitation, the International Law Commission codified the state of necessity as a circumstance precluding wrongfulness in the field of State responsibility. This study aims to demonstrate that it is a much wider mechanism, essential to international law and strictly connected to its own characteristics. It performs the function of limiting the substantial obligations of States in case of the realization of a fact condition – a situation of necessity – in order to avert an excessive social cost, born out of law implementation. It always works through a balance of conflicting interests. Only when a social cost cannot be avoided, the state of necessity, under the features of a mitigating circumstance, enters the field of secondary obligations relating to international responsibility.