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La méthode du gradient conjugué (CG) est une méthode proposée par Hestenes et Stiefel afin de résoudre des systèmes linéaires symétriques et définis positifs. En optimisation non linéaire sans contraintes, on y recourt de manière quasi-systématique pour le calcul des directions. Lorsque la matrice du système n'est pas définie positive, la variante en recherche linéaire proposée par Dembo et Steihaug, et celle de Steihaug en régions de confiance, permettent tout de même d'utiliser CG. La méthode des résidus conjugués (CR) est également proposée par Hestenes et Stiefel pour les cas où la matrice est définie positive. Elle partage avec CG la décroissance monotone du modèle quadratique, ce qui en fait un bon candidat pour les méthodes de région de confiance. De plus, les résidus dans CR décroissent de manière monotone, ce qui est intéressant, en particulier pour les méthodes de type Newton inexact, souvent utilisées en recherche linéaire. Dans cet ouvrage, nous proposons des variantes de CR pour les cas où la matrice n'est pas définie positive et étudions la performance de ces modifications dans des contextes de recherche linéaire et de région de confiance. Pour ce faire, nous comparons la performance de nos algorithmes aux variantes de CG correspondantes. Nous nous intéressons également à CRLS qui est l'équivalent de CR pour les moindres carrés linéaires, et suggérons une modification de cette méthode pour traiter le cas de la courbure nulle. Nos résultats montrent que CR est essentiellement équivalente à CG, et parfois meilleur, notamment pour résoudre les problèmes non convexes. CR présente aussi un léger avantage dans la résolution de problèmes convexes en recherche linéaire. Cette méthode permet souvent d'effectuer moins de produits hessien-vecteur que CG. La résolution des problèmes aux moindres carrés non linéaires montre une équivalence en termes de performance entre LSMR et LSQR qui sont les variantes, construites à partir du processus de Lanczos, de CRLS et CGLS pour résoudre l'équation normale. LSMR montre néanmoins un léger avantage en termes d'évaluation du résidu.
State-of-the-art algorithms and theory in a novel domain of machine learning, prediction when the output has structure.
Emphasizing issues of computational efficiency, Michael Kearns and Umesh Vazirani introduce a number of central topics in computational learning theory for researchers and students in artificial intelligence, neural networks, theoretical computer science, and statistics. Emphasizing issues of computational efficiency, Michael Kearns and Umesh Vazirani introduce a number of central topics in computational learning theory for researchers and students in artificial intelligence, neural networks, theoretical computer science, and statistics. Computational learning theory is a new and rapidly expanding area of research that examines formal models of induction with the goals of discovering the common methods underlying efficient learning algorithms and identifying the computational impediments to learning. Each topic in the book has been chosen to elucidate a general principle, which is explored in a precise formal setting. Intuition has been emphasized in the presentation to make the material accessible to the nontheoretician while still providing precise arguments for the specialist. This balance is the result of new proofs of established theorems, and new presentations of the standard proofs. The topics covered include the motivation, definitions, and fundamental results, both positive and negative, for the widely studied L. G. Valiant model of Probably Approximately Correct Learning; Occam's Razor, which formalizes a relationship between learning and data compression; the Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension; the equivalence of weak and strong learning; efficient learning in the presence of noise by the method of statistical queries; relationships between learning and cryptography, and the resulting computational limitations on efficient learning; reducibility between learning problems; and algorithms for learning finite automata from active experimentation.
The aim of this book is to discuss the fundamental ideas which lie behind the statistical theory of learning and generalization. It considers learning as a general problem of function estimation based on empirical data. Omitting proofs and technical details, the author concentrates on discussing the main results of learning theory and their connections to fundamental problems in statistics. This second edition contains three new chapters devoted to further development of the learning theory and SVM techniques. Written in a readable and concise style, the book is intended for statisticians, mathematicians, physicists, and computer scientists.
The significantly expanded and updated new edition of a widely used text on reinforcement learning, one of the most active research areas in artificial intelligence. Reinforcement learning, one of the most active research areas in artificial intelligence, is a computational approach to learning whereby an agent tries to maximize the total amount of reward it receives while interacting with a complex, uncertain environment. In Reinforcement Learning, Richard Sutton and Andrew Barto provide a clear and simple account of the field's key ideas and algorithms. This second edition has been significantly expanded and updated, presenting new topics and updating coverage of other topics. Like the first edition, this second edition focuses on core online learning algorithms, with the more mathematical material set off in shaded boxes. Part I covers as much of reinforcement learning as possible without going beyond the tabular case for which exact solutions can be found. Many algorithms presented in this part are new to the second edition, including UCB, Expected Sarsa, and Double Learning. Part II extends these ideas to function approximation, with new sections on such topics as artificial neural networks and the Fourier basis, and offers expanded treatment of off-policy learning and policy-gradient methods. Part III has new chapters on reinforcement learning's relationships to psychology and neuroscience, as well as an updated case-studies chapter including AlphaGo and AlphaGo Zero, Atari game playing, and IBM Watson's wagering strategy. The final chapter discusses the future societal impacts of reinforcement learning.
The report analyzes key challenges for improving gender equality in the MENA region and provides policy priorities that Governments could consider to address these challenges. By and large the critical areas are in improving economic and political participation of females.
This volume contains 117 reviewed papers from over 30 countries, published in English, French and Spanish, which reflect both international dimension of FRIEND and the key challenges facing hydrologists in the 21st century.
Concerns over the potential ecological effects of fishing have increased with the expansion of fisheries throughout the marine waters of the United States. Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat describes how assessment of fishing impacts depends on gear type, number and location of bottom tows, and the physical and biological characteristics of seafloor habitats. Many experimental studies have documented acute, gear-specific effects of trawling and dredging on various types of habitat. These studies indicate that low mobility, long-lived species are more vulnerable to towed fishing gear than short-lived species in areas where the seabed is often disturbed by natural phenomena. Trawling and dredging may also change the composition and productivity of fish communities dependent on seafloor habitats for food and refuge. The scale of these impacts depends on the level of fishing effort. This volume presents color maps of fishing effort for all regions with significant bottom trawl or dredge fisheries-the first time that such data has been assembled and analyzed for the entire nation.