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El terrorismo provoca un enorme desconcierto intelectual y moral. Su estremecedora influencia lleva a algunos ciudadanos a creer en sus excusas, mientras que otros muchos atribuyen su crueldad a la locura, el fanatismo, las injusticias, el choque entre culturas, etc. El presente libro responde a la necesidad de arrojar luz sobre las causas de una práctica criminal cuya nociva influencia no ha dejado de aumentar desde finales del siglo XIX. Para ello examina el terrorismo desde todos sus aspectos, ilustrando los análisis con relatos de los principales grupos terroristas contemporáneos y revisando las múltiples hipótesis explicativas sugeridas y las evidencias obtenidas tras varias décadas de investigación. Después de mostrar la heterogeneidad histórica del terrorismo, estudia sus condicionamientos y detonantes sociales, así como sus características en la era global. A continuación, explora la psicología y los argumentos de los propios terroristas, sus ideologías y su discurso y, por último, el funcionamiento y la cambiante estructura de sus organizaciones.
In this three-volume set, an international team of experts involved in the research, management, and mitigation of hate-motivated violence examines and explains hate crimes in the United States and around the globe, drawing comparisons between countries as well as between hate crimes overall and domestic terrorism. The Psychology of Hate Crimes as Domestic Terrorism: U.S. and Global Issues takes a hard look at hate crimes both domestically and internationally, enabling readers to see similarities and disparities as well as to make the connections between hate crimes and domestic terrorism. The entries in this three-volume set discuss subjects such as the psychology and motivation in hate crimes, the cultural norms that shape tolerance of outgroups or tolerance of hate, and the fact that hate crimes are a pervasive form of domestic terrorism, as well as myriad issues of proliferation, public policy, policing, law and punishment, and prevention. The set opens with an introduction that discusses hate crime research and examines issues of identification of the bias element of hate crimes via empirical and case vignettes. The subsequent chapters discuss subjects such as the socio-demographic profiles of hate crime offenders; hate crime legislation and policy in the United States; the effects of hate crime on their victims as well as society; the incidence of hate crime in specific regions, such as Europe, the Middle East, and South America; and programs and therapeutic interventions to heal victims. Readers will also learn how specific educational approaches in communities, schools, and universities can be implemented to help prevent future escalation of hate-motivated violence.
This collection spotlights the impact of hate violence on individuals and communities as well as how people form biases and are indoctrinated into hate groups, why they participate in violent hate crimes, and how hate may become extreme. This book details the solicitation and indoctrination of members into extremist hate groups. Using theoretical, empirical, and field studies, experts explain the psychological processes of bias formation, hate identity, and the stages of extremism, and detail first-person accounts of hate group membership and critical incidents of hate violence. Contributors draw significantly upon the current wave of reactionary political and racial intolerance witnessed in the United States and Europe in addressing specific groups and forms of hate extremism as found across different cultural and geographic regions. A statistically based analysis of how hate and ideology each contribute to political extremism accompanies the text and provides a long-term perspective of hate-based lifestyles. The book also offers a neuroscientific explanation of hate ideology as a psychological problem presenting a unique perspective, and a discussion of the interplay of governments and stakeholders in the untangling of the legal issues of hate crimes and of domestic and international terrorism. This text will be useful for students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences, law enforcement, criminal justice, and political science.
This book analyses the rise and decline of the Basque terrorist group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA, Basque Homeland and Freedom). ETA declared a unilateral ceasefire in November 2011, bringing to a close a campaign of political violence that started in the late 1960s. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, the overwhelming majority of secession supporters agreed that an independent Basque homeland would be realised through ‘ballots’ and not ‘bullets’. Providing an inter-disciplinary overview of radical Basque nationalism that pays special attention to the drivers for ETA’s decline, defeat and disbandment, this book includes chapters by historians, political scientists and sociologists who offer three important theoretical and empirical contributions to the literature on nationhood and security studies. Firstly the book re-assesses the military conflict that opposed ETA and the Spanish state, by paying special attention to tactical and strategic considerations as well as the counter-terrorist policy itself. Secondly it provides an original interpretation of the politics of fear which surrounded the process of victimization, as well as assessing the extent to which the issue of violence led to the polarisation of citizens. Thirdly the authors examine the historical narratives and rituals that contributed to the production and reproduction of identity binaries and memories of war. Arguing that the defeat of ETA must be contextualised within the strategic evolution of Basque nationalism, the declining resonance of the radical message and the effectiveness of the Spanish counter-terrorist effort, this book is essential reading for students and scholars working in the areas of European politics, nationalism and terrorism studies.
This volume compares four types of clandestine political violence: left-wing, right-wing, ethnonationalist and religious fundamentalist.
Las recientes revelaciones sobre las prácticas ilegales de la Agencia Americana de Seguridad (NSA), o el descubrimiento por parte de un usuario del rastreo digital masivo realizado por Facebook testimonian la magnitud de la hipervigilancia a la que estamos sometidos. Sin embargo, lejos del modelo disciplinario tradicional sobre el que alertaba George Orwell en su Gran Hermano, ahora los controles se ejercen desde múltiples y sofisticados frentes, en los que cada vez es mayor la participación involuntaria de los ciudadanos. Armand Mattelart y André Vitalis nos proponen reflexionar sobre un novedoso e inquietante concepto: el perfilado, esto es, el control indirecto de los individuos —a menudo con el propósito de anticipar sus comportamientos— a través del estudio y explotación sistemáticos de sus datos —ya sean sus desplazamientos o sus pautas de consumo—. Mientras que el modelo de vigilancia totalitario exhibía su control, en el mundo post-orwelliano éste se nos impone sin plena conciencia por nuestra parte; es invisible, y esta invisibilidad, potenciada por la desmaterialización de los soportes, garantiza su efectividad en una población crecientemente fascinada por las nuevas tecnologías que, sin embargo, no perciben como tecnologías de control.
Jihadism, Foreign Fighters and Radicalization in the EU addresses the organizational and strategic changes in terrorism in Europe as a result of urban jihadism and the influx of foreign fighters of European nationality or residence. Examining the different types of responses to the treatment of radicalization and its consequences in the recruitment of young urban fighters and jihadists, this book offers a framework for understanding the process of violent radicalization. It critically analyses political and legal responses that have taken place within the European framework, whilst also examining a series of functional responses from social and behavioural psychology. This book then goes on to develop an explanatory model from an economic standpoint, exploring the need to adapt the fight against the financing of terrorism to the changes in the sources of financing jihadist cells and foreign fighters. Furthermore, the volume draws on experience from the prison sector to assess the process of radicalization and the possibilities of intervention. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, this book will be of great interest to students of terrorism and counter-terrorism, radicalization, European politics, radical Islam and security studies.
This volume offers an interdisciplinary and global perspective on aspects of security and defence, with a special focus on the protection of social infrastructures in the face of various forms of violence. It examines some multi-faceted solutions and stresses the need to approach the problem from many disciplines. The optimistic conclusion from this work is that there are concrete and specific ways to address conflict and violence, and the importance of being alert in order to prevent their eventual negative consequences. This work integrates and synthesises theory, research, and public policy analysis in an effort to solve the complex questions and problems presented by this topic, and focuses on a range of topics, including militia and police, law, diplomacy, aggression and conflict studies, and psychology. This encourages a broader perspective and thought-process global collaboration and cooperation, and an integrated synthesis of knowledge. It broadens the conceptualisation of the phenomena under discussion and links them with tangible examples. This book represents an important resource for researchers and students of security and defence, violence, and peace, as well as anyone with an interest in studying methods of protecting critical infrastructures and more specifically of probable the most important social infrastructure, the people, reducing the threats of terrorism from a psychological approach.