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This book seeks to explore the potential and actual value of parliamentary debates as a source of legislative justification. Drawing on a sample of recent Spanish legislation, the papers collected here analyse (critically) the rationale of several laws or legislative measures as it can be reconstructed from the respective parliamentary discussions. All issues covered have given rise to intense political, legal and social controversy: they range from the combat against gender violence, the legal status of bullfighting, the protection of crime victims and the so-called ‘push-backs’ at the border, to the regulation of euthanasia, the minimum living income, underage girls’ access to abortion, and joint child custody. The volume is organised into two main parts. The first group of case studies adopt a legisprudential perspective and examine parliamentary deliberations in the light of the theory and methodology of legislative justification; the contributions in the second part follow approaches that fall outside – but are largely compatible with –legisprudence, and deal with aspects such as the rhetorical strategies employed by MPs when debating bills, and the role of elected legislators as constitutional interpreters.
El colectivo femenino está considerado como uno de los más vulnerables, junto con los niños y ancianos, debido a su condición física, factores sociales, etc., por lo tanto son víctimas potenciales de agresiones y de todo tipo de abusos. La violencia contra las mujeres es una clara expresión de la desigualdad entre hombres y mujeres, siendo ésta, un grave problema para la sociedad. Los compromisos diarios de las mujeres en la actualidad hacen que frecuentemente se vean solas ante situaciones de peligro potencial, y también son numerosas las ocasiones en las que una mujer puede ser molestada o agredida: al regresar tarde a casa, en un aparcamiento subterráneo, caminando por una calle desierta, en la parada del autobús, en el ascensor, al sacar dinero del cajero, etc. Es importante, que las mujeres conozcan las circunstancias en que se producen estas agresiones, que estrategias pueden emplear para evitarlas y que deben hacer cuando estas ya se han producido. Este libro trata de suponer un instrumento de trabajo y un medio con el que tratar de adquirir nuevos conocimientos, tácticas y tecnicas útiles para salvaguardar su libertad cuando ésta se ve amenazad por situaciones, eventos o personas imprevisibles. Dentro de este libro los objetivos: Aprender una serie de tecnicas de defensa personal sencillas y súper contundentes encaminadas a preservar la integridad física, ante agresiones violentas e ilícitas contra una persona. Formación para la mujer en materia de autoprotección Aumentar la autoestima y confianza de la mujer eliminando esos miedos Asesorar a la mujer en temas como la legítima defensa, la violencia de género, agresiones sexuales, como son y cómo las prefieren los violadores, etc. Todo ello elaborando un protocolo de prevención dirigido a la mujer. Existen una serie de reglas de prevención que hay que tener en cuenta para evitar cualquier tipo de peligro, acompañadas de unas medidas de seguridad. Conocer estas técnicas no quiere decir que se vuelvan mujeres violentas o agresivas, sino que adquieren los conocimientos y tácticas necesarias para afrontar y reaccionar ante cualquier agresión, pero ante todo, ser capaces de prevenir cualquier agresión, y de prevenir una situación de peligro, ya que el estudio de la defensa personal comienza con la prevención. La prevención es el mejor medio para garantizarnos una seguridad integral. El agresor es un depredador que elige su presa, la prevención permite que no seamos una presa fácil.
This book explores the evolution of Spanish feminism in the context of European feminisms and institutions from the 1960s to recent times. Beginning with Sección Femenina, the official Francoist women's organization, Feminism, National Identity and European Integration in Modern Spain traces the interplay between Spanish women's policy and international policymaking. In some cases, as with the Sección Femenina-championed Law of Political Rights (Ley de Derechos) in 1961, Spanish women's policy at least appeared more progressive than what Western democracies offered – notable at a time when Spain was considered backward. After Franco's death in 1975, Spain's democratic transition seemingly consolidated forward-thinking women's policy with a Constitution that guaranteed equality of the sexes in 1978, and with the creation of a national bureau charged with crafting women's policy, the Instituto de la Mujer (Women's Institute), in 1983. Yet feminists found themselves marginalized in Spanish political decision-making, as Kathryn L. Mahaney argues so successfully in this study. Mahaney reveals that women ultimately influenced domestic policy not by acting within national networks but by leveraging European connections, particularly after Spain joined the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1986. The book shows that Spanish feminists worked through the EEC to gain international approval of policies that had met domestic opposition, and did so by representing them as necessary litmus tests of nations' democratic integrity. Their proposals were shaped by the specific context of Spanish feminism, but also by Spanish debates about what rights democracies should grant women and what equality in a post-fascist nation should encompass. This ground-breaking study explains that, in turn, these processes shaped both Spain's and the European Union's much-prized self-identities as democratic communities.
Few would have imagined the developments and the extent of reforms that occurred under Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero between 2004 and 2008. Under Zapatero, Spain rapidly withdrew Spanish troops from Iraq, held a very public political debate on the Spanish Civil War and the Franco dictatorship, passed very progressive social legislation that included gay marriage and adoption as well as a sweeping gender equality act, and expanded autonomy in six of Spain’s 17 regions. It has become quite common to refer to some or all of these developments as a ‘second transition’ that alters or revisits policies, institutional arrangements and political strategies that were established during Spain’s transition to democracy. This book analyzes the patterns of continuity and change and provides a nuanced, critical evaluation of the concept of a ‘second transition’. Three broad questions are addressed. First, to what degree do the developments under Zapatero’s Socialist government represent a departure from prior patterns of Spanish politics? Second, what accounts for the continuities and departures? Finally, the project begins to assess the implications of these developments. Are there lasting effects, for example, on political participation, electoral alignments, interparty and inter-regional relations more broadly? This book was published as a special issue of South European Society & Politics.
A timely feminist intervention on gender, communication, and women’s human rights The Handbook on Gender, Communication, and Women's Human Rights engages contemporary debates on women’s rights, democracy, and neoliberalism through the lens of feminist communication scholarship. The first major collection of its kind published in the COVID-19 era, this unique volume frames a wide range of issues relevant to the gender and communication agenda within a human rights framework. An international panel of feminist academics and activists examines how media, information, and communication systems contribute to enabling, ignoring, questioning, or denying women's human and communication rights. Divided into four parts, the Handbook covers governance and policy, systems and institutions, advocacy and activism, and content, rights, and freedoms. Throughout the text, the contributors demonstrate the need for strong feminist critiques of exclusionary power structures, highlight new opportunities and challenges in promoting change, illustrate both the risks and rewards associated with digital communication, and much more. Offers a state-of-the-art exploration of the intersection between gender, communication, and women's rights Addresses both core and emerging topics in feminist media scholarship and research Discusses the vital role of communication systems and processes in women's struggles to claim and exercise their rights Analyzes how the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated structures of inequality and intensified the spread of disinformation Explores feminist-based concepts and approaches that could enrich communication policy at all levels Part of the Global Handbooks in Media and Communication Research series, TheHandbook of Gender, Communication, and Women's Human Rights is essential reading for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in media studies, communication studies, cultural studies, journalism, feminist studies, gender studies, global studies, and human rights programs at institutions around the world. It is also an invaluable resource for academics, researchers, policymakers, and civil society and human rights activists.
Divorce has long been viewed as a single phenomenon affecting two individuals without considering the framework conditions in which it occurs. Due to the increase of divorce rates in the past decades researchers have changed their perspective and have concentrated on the view of divorce as a personal experience that is greatly affected by the socials and economic environment. The aim of this thesis is to investigate divorce that has become a mass phenomenon in our present society. The assumption is that in order to understand the grounds for divorce and its consequences, we have to view divorce as a phenomenon that occurs at the intersection of personal, socio-economic and legal factors. Family disputes involve persons who have interdependent and continued relati- ships and arise in a context of distressing emotions. Separation and divorce affect all the members of the family, especially children. The study presents a comprehensive analysis of divorce as a psychological process that is situated within a social and a legal context. It presents a comprehensive view of divorce as a psychosocial, economic and legal phenomenon and contains a review of the research literature about divorce and its consequences for parents and children. Moreover, it describes divorce by proposing conceptual frames and explanatory models.
Following the death of Franco, Spain underwent a transition to democracy in the mid-1970s. Although a rapid process of modernization occurred, the Spanish welfare state was seen, until fairly recently, as relatively underdeveloped. However, given the progressive Europeanization and expansion of Spanish social policy, questions arise as to whether the Spanish welfare system should still be considered as peripheral to West European welfare states. This volume is divided into three sections. The first section deals with broad trends in the evolution of the Spanish welfare state. To begin with, the consolidation path of social protection policies is explored. Attention is also paid to the process of Europeanization. Furthermore, the analysis explores advances in gender equality policies. In the second section, attention is turned to governance issues, such as collective bargaining, the interplay among levels of government, the welfare mix and public support for social policies. The third and final part of the book addresses five main challenges facing the Spanish welfare state in the 21st century, namely, the need to enhance flexicurity; to achieve a better work-family balance; to coordinate immigration policies with existing social protection; to tackle the persistence of high rates of relative poverty; and to face intense population ageing, both in terms of increasing needs for care and the reform of the pension system.
Gender-based violence is a complex and multifaceted issue, and many people, even if they do not have direct experience as a victim or perpetrator, still have difficulty understanding it. Initially, it is important to recognize that gender-based violence is not limited to physical violence. It also includes emotional, psychological and economic abuse, as well as threats and control. Most cases of gender-based violence do not occur due to force, but rather due to the desire to control and suppress another person. Regarding the question of why men commit gender-based violence and women remain in such relationships, the answers can be multifaceted and depend on the specific situation. For example, men may use gender-based violence to maintain power and control in relationships, and women may remain in such relationships due to fear, dependency, economic vulnerability, or cultural and social dynamics. Gender-based violence is a broad and complex social problem that affects many aspects of human life. It can manifest itself in various forms and contexts, including the family environment, social relationships, work environment, etc. It is important to understand that gender-based violence is not limited only to physical actions, although they often act as one of its manifestations. It also includes emotional abuse, psychological abuse, economic abuse, and threats and behavioral control. One of the main causes of gender-based violence is the desire to control and suppress another person. This may occur due to inequalities in power and status between partners, as well as cultural and social attitudes that support and reinforce inequality between genders. In addition, stereotypes about masculinity and femininity can contribute to the emergence and maintenance of gender-based violence by creating norms of behavior that justify or normalize such actions. It is important to understand that gender-based violence can affect all people, regardless of their gender, age, race, social status or other characteristics. Although women make up the majority of victims of gender-based violence, men can also be victims, and this often goes unappreciated or underappreciated in society. Gender -based violence can affect both women and men, and people of any gender identity. It is important to understand that gender-based violence is not limited to female victims, although women and girls make up a significant proportion of victims. However, men, boys and people with other gender identities can also be vulnerable to gender-based violence. Research shows that men can also be victims of gender-based violence, but the frequency and forms of violence may vary depending on cultural, social and other factors. Gender-based violence is a complex and diverse issue that requires attention and support for all victims, regardless of their gender identity. Combating gender-based violence requires a systemic approach that includes education and public awareness of the problem, strengthening legal and legal responses, support for victims, and working to change cultural norms and stereotypes about gender. Working to overcome gender-based violence requires the participation of the entire society and efforts at all levels - from the personal to the global. Gender-based violence includes a wide range of forms, including physical, emotional, sexual and economic violence, as well as threats and controlling behavior. It can manifest itself in various areas of life, including the family environment, social relationships, work environment, etc. In our world, where we strive for equality and justice, the topic of gender-based violence remains one of the most important and relevant. Gender-based violence is not only a physical problem, but also a complex socio-cultural phenomenon that covers various aspects of human life. In our book we will look at this problem in all its manifestations and aspects, exploring the various types of violence, its causes and consequences, as well as ways to overcome and prevent it. In the first part, we dive into the world of types of gender-based violence, revealing its multifaceted nature: from physical violence to emotional, psychological and economic. We will look at each type separately, analyzing its causes, mechanisms of action and consequences for victims. In Part 2, we delve deeper into the drivers and causes of gender-based violence, exploring the role of cultural stereotypes, social expectations, power and control. We will conduct research into the personal and psychological factors that contribute to the emergence and maintenance of gender-based violence in modern society. The third part of our book is dedicated to support for victims of gender-based violence. We cover primary care, safety, mental health, legal and social support, offering readers practical advice and resources to support themselves and those around them. In part four, we will turn to preventing and combating gender-based violence, discussing the role of education, programs and campaigns, working with perpetrators and community engagement in solving this problem. The final part of our book will review the main ideas proposed in it and call readers to action. We hope that our work will become not only a source of knowledge, but also a source of inspiration for those who strive to create a world free of gender-based violence. We invite you on a journey through the complex paths of gender-based violence, where together we will try to understand its nature, consequences and ways to overcome it.
The present volume, Current Approaches to Discourse and Translation Studies, presents innovative theoretical models and applications of the two disciplines in intercultural contexts. The Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics offers a platform to scholars who carry out rigorous and interdisciplinary research on language in real use. Corpus linguistics and Pragmatics have traditionally represented two paths of scientific research, parallel but often mutually exclusive and excluding. Corpus Linguistics can offer a meticulous methodology based on mathematics and statistics while Pragmatics strives to interpret intended meaning in real language. This series will give readers insight into how pragmatics can be used to explain real corpus data, and how corpora can illustrate pragmatic intuitions.