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The period between the French Revolution and World War II was a time of tremendous growth in both mapmaking and map reading throughout Europe. There is no better place to witness this rise of popular cartography than in Alsace-Lorraine, a disputed borderland that the French and Germans both claimed as their national territory. Desired for its prime geographical position and abundant natural resources, Alsace-Lorraine endured devastating wars from 1870 to 1945 that altered its borders four times, transforming its physical landscape and the political allegiances of its citizens. For the border population whose lives were turned upside down by the French-German conflict, maps became essential tools for finding a new sense of place and a new sense of identity in their changing national and regional communities. Turning to a previously undiscovered archive of popular maps, Cartophilia reveals Alsace-Lorraine’s lively world of citizen mapmakers that included linguists, ethnographers, schoolteachers, hikers, and priests. Together, this fresh group of mapmakers invented new genres of maps that framed French and German territory in original ways through experimental surveying techniques, orientations, scales, colors, and iconography. In focusing on the power of “bottom-up” maps to transform modern European identities, Cartophilia argues that the history of cartography must expand beyond the study of elite maps and shift its emphasis to the democratization of cartography in the modern world.
This book examines how, over the past 300 years or so, women have adapted their work methods, means of subsistence and daily routine to fulfil their dual role as carers and breadwinners. From the industrial revolution, which ended agrarian-based subsistence and meant an exodus towards the cities for many families, to the digital revolution, which redefined the work environment, working hours and even in some cases biological functions, women have succeeded in meeting the challenge of changing work practices, social expectations and economic and family needs. Although women’s work, both past and present, is a much-researched area, this volume sheds new light on the subject by combining the approach of historians, sociologists, and language and culture specialists, and applying it to different countries. Drawing upon original fieldwork and little-known archives, the book will be of interest not only to an academic audience, but to anyone wanting to know more about gender, family, and labour issues across Europe between the 19th and 21st centuries.
The classic reference work that provides annually updated information on the countries of the world.