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How do emerging states obtain international recognition and secure membership of international organisations in contemporary world politics? This book provides the first in-depth study of Kosovo’s diplomatic approach to becoming a sovereign state by obtaining international recognition and securing membership of international organisations. Analysing the everyday diplomatic discourses, performances, and entanglements, this book contends that state-becoming is not wholly determined by systemic factors, normative institutions, or the preferences of great powers; the diplomatic agency of the fledgling state plays a far more important role than is generally acknowledged. Drawing on institutional ethnographic research and first-hand observations, this book argues that Kosovo’s diplomatic success in consolidating its sovereign statehood has been the situational assemblage of multiple discourses, practiced through a broad variety of performative actions, and shaped by a complex entanglement with global assemblages of norms, actors, relations, and events. Accordingly, this book contributes to expanding our understanding of the everyday diplomatic agency of emerging states and the changing norms, politics, and practices regarding the diplomatic recognition of states and their admission to international society.
A compelling account of the diplomatic and military actions that led to Kosovo's independence and their implications for future U.S. and UN interventions. Kosovo, after its incorporation into the Serbian Republic of Yugoslavia, became increasingly restive during the 1990s as Yugoslavia plunged into internal war and Kosovo's ethnic Albanian residents (Kosovars) sought autonomy. In March 1999, NATO forces began airstrikes against targets in Kosovo and Serbia in an effort to protect Kosovars against persecution. The bombing campaign ended in June 1999, and Kosovo was placed under transitional UN administration while negotiations on its status ensued. Kosovo eventually declared independence in 2008. Despite internal political tension and economic problems, the new nation has been recognized by many other countries and most of its inhabitants welcome its separation from Serbia. In Liberating Kosovo, David Phillips offers a compelling account of the negotiations and military actions that culminated in Kosovo's independence. Drawing on his own participation in the diplomatic process and interviews with leading participants, Phillips chronicles Slobodan Milosevic's rise to power, the sufferings of the Kosovars, and the events that led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia. He analyzes how NATO, the United Nations, and the United States employed diplomacy, aerial bombing, and peacekeeping forces to set in motion the process that led to independence for Kosovo. He also offers important insights into a critical issue in contemporary international politics: how and when the United States, other nations, and NGOs should act to prevent ethnic cleansing and severe human-rights abuses.
This edited volume explores the different ways in which members of the European Union have interacted with Kosovo since it declared independence in 2008. While there is a tendency to think of EU states in terms of two distinct groups – those that have recognised Kosovo and those that have not – the picture is more complex. Taking into account also the quality and scope of their engagement with Kosovo, there are four broad categories of member states that can be distinguished: the strong and weak recognisers and the soft and hard non-recognisers. In addition to casting valuable light on the relations between various EU members and Kosovo, this book also makes an important contribution to the way in which the concepts of recognition and engagement, and their relationship to each other, are understood in academic circles and by policy makers.
The Kosovo question posed a great challenge to the international order in the western Balkans for a number of decades prior to the outbreak of war in the 1990s. Yugoslavia, Albania, the USSR, the USA, and Great Britain have all been involved, directly or indirectly, in the question of Kosovo, especially in the period since World War II. In this book, Ethem Ceku studies the Albanian political movement in Kosovo and the efforts that it made to achieve its national programme between 1945 and 1981. He focuses particularly on questions of international diplomacy--looking especially at the roles of Albania and Yugoslavia in the Kosovo question.
This edited book analyzes Kosovo’s foreign policy and bilateral relations with the United States and several European countries. After the 1999 liberation from Serbia, Kosovo built close relations with various countries that supported it in the process of reconstruction, economic stabilization, institution-building, and state-building. From 1999 to 2008, many of these states were politically and operationally engaged in Kosovo under the leadership of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK). Since its independence in 2008, the Republic of Kosovo has adopted a foreign policy in accordance with its values and strategic interests, a foreign policy that aims to strengthen Kosovo’s security and foster its socio-economic prosperity in collaboration with primarily Western countries. In this volume, each chapter is dedicated to Kosovo’s bilateral relations with a selected state with which it has established diplomatic relations. The book shows that Kosovo has been able to develop and achieve strong bilateral relations with major allies and partners. It argues that Kosovo’s foreign policy aims to develop, maintain, and enhance the position of the young state on the international stage. The volume bridges various methodological and disciplinary approaches in order to present Kosovo’s foreign policy objectives and the trajectory of its relations with some of its most important international partners. This book will be of interest to students of Balkan politics, state-building, foreign policy, and International Relations.
This book represents a detailed and comprehensive examination of the developments of NATO’s engagement in Kosovo, and the related policies of western countries. In addition to offering an in-depth analysis of historical developments in the relationships between Albanians and Serbs, the book also provides a constructive discussion of the events of the Kosovo conflict, which constituted one of the main concerns in the international agenda towards the end of the twentieth century. The basic theme set forth in this book is the reasoning behind NATO’s intervention in Kosovo during the spring of 1999, namely to end the conflict between Albanians and Serbs and to aid the Kosovo Albanians in achieving their freedom from the jurisdiction of the Serbian state. Based on extensive evidence, the author analyzes the contradicting stances conveyed at the Security Council regarding the conflict, NATO’s military intervention and the issue of Kosovo’s future. The book provides useful information for any scholars, students and readers interested in gaining a more detailed understanding of Kosovo’s historical developments on an international level. It offers the reader detailed insights into, and descriptions of, the events that took place in the military conflict in Kosovo; it provides various facts and figures, evidences and counterarguments in response to what happened in this politically volatile region.
On the eve of March 24, 1999, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) began bombing the sovereign nation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, a poorly developed nation the size of Kentucky with a population of eleven million. Led by the United States, NATO bombed Yugoslavia for seventy-eight days and nights, with the objective of ending the repression of the ethnic Albanian population in the province of Kosovo. This book explores the numerous questions about the legality, morality, and necessity of NATO’s military intervention. Colonel Rothrock probes some of the pervasive questions about the Kosovo War: • Were all alternatives short of war explored? • Were conventions of international law contravened? • Why were some provisions of the Rambouillet peace agreement nonnegotiable? • Was the proposed Rambouillet agreement written with provisions that no sovereign nation could accept? • Why did the United States insist that only a NATO implementation force inside Yugoslavia and Kosovo was acceptable? • Why was the Yugoslavian Parliament’s last-minute offer to consider an international occupation force other than NATO ignored?
The declaration of independence marked a new era for Kosovo and its relations with the countries that have recognized its independence. Since then Kosovo is striving in its diplomatic efforts to achieve broader international recognition and become a member of the United Nations. Instruments of traditional diplomacy do not necessarily present the sole means of Kosovo to interact with other States to the service of its foreign policy and the practice of international relations. In modern times, public diplomacy is receiving broad recognition as a crucial element for understanding and influencing foreign publics. Outreach, communication and understanding present the core concepts necessary to successfully complement traditional diplomacy in fulfilling foreign policy objectives. Driven by foreign policy challenges, public diplomacy efforts and practices are emerging as tools to proactively engage with non-governmental actors such as: think-tanks, research institutes, academia, NGOs, the media, business communities, and relevant associations of other countries that are engaged in second track diplomacy.
Introduction -- 1 Kosovo in the diplomacy of the major allies during World War II -- 2 Kosovo and the Cold War 1945-8 -- 3 Kosovo in Albanian-Yugoslav relations 1948-60 -- 4 The constitutional position of Kosovo 1945-74 -- 5 Disputes over the 1974 constitution -- 6 The Albanian attitude to Kosovo 1960-74 -- 7 Political developments in Yugoslavia in the 1970s -- 8 Yugoslavia and the events of 1981 -- 9 Albania and the events of 1981 -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.
More than any other episode since the end of the Cold War, the conflict in Kosovo revealed the distinctive attributes of a new American "way of war." In so doing, Kosovo also brought into sharp focus the military, political, and moral dilemmas confronting a liberal democracy intent on wielding preeminent power on a global scale. What are the moral implications posed by waging high-tech warfare for humanitarian purposes? Does the precedent set by intervention of this type point toward peace and stability or toward more war? How well suited are the United States military and American society as a whole to the security challenges of the age of globalization? According to Bacevich and Cohen, gauging the "success" achieved in Kosovo yields important answers to these and related questions. The volume includes a well-crafted historical overview of the war and six essays that place it in a broader context. The contributors explore the conflict's relationship to U.S. grand strategy, the Revolution in Military Affairs, and American civil-military relations, among other topics. Contributors: William A. Arkin, Andrew J. Bacevich, Eliot A. Cohen, Alberto R. Coll, James Kurth, Anatol Lieven, Michael Vickers