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130 AND 136 African-American Women with and without a family history, respectively, were given educational brochures that framed messages about mammography as gains (i.e., how a woman benefits by getting mammograms), losses (i.e., the costs of not getting mammograms), or as neither (control), to assess their effects on intentions to get mammograms and screening. At three and seven month post-intervention follow-ups, message framing did not affect intentions or mammography screening. The majority of women in both groups were on schedule (e.g.,> 68%). Nor did the educational brochures affect knowledge of breast cancer risk factors, perceptions of risk, or concerns about getting breast cancer. Though well-received, the lack of significant findings is likely due to failure of the gain, loss, and control brochures to be viewed as intended. Women with a family history consistently expressed higher perceptions of risk and breast cancer concerns than women without a family history. Moreover, both groups expressed equally favorable attitudes towards mammography screening. Overall, knowledge of breast cancer risk factors was poor and did not improve. These results suggest that continued efforts are needed to create persuasively framed messages as well as education materials targeting African-American women with and without a family history of breast cancer.
"Breast cancer mortality rates differ among racial/ethnic groups in the United States and currently are about 16% higher in black women than in white women. The reason for this racial/ethnic difference is unknown. Due to the low rate of breast cancer screening practices in this population, an educational program was developed to increase the participants' knowledge about breast cancer, including the need for breast self-examination (BSE) and mammograms. The plan is to increase the awareness of breast cancer in African American women, and access of routine breast screening in collaboration with community-based organizations such as churches, among low-income and uninsured women. This educational program consists of African American women watching a seven minute educational video. The movie is about breast cancer and the importance of early detection, clinical breast examinations by professionals, yearly mammograms, and demonstrates how to perform breast self examination. This educational program will be guided by a systematic process for the change to evidence-based practice. The program will increase the participant's knowledge of breast cancer risks and screening practices among middle-aged African American women. Breast cancer screening offers the greatest potential for reducing deaths in the African American population. Increased knowledge and changing beliefs associated with breast cancer screening are important when attempting to increase mammography and BSE among African American women. Nurses can make a difference in the education and decrease in mortality rate of these women if they recognize how a woman's cultural beliefs and attitudes can adversely affect health promotion and disease prevention behaviors." -- from Introduction.
The objective of this study is to examine the knowledge of breast cancer screening among African-American women. A descriptive design was used for this study. A convenience sample of 80 African-American women participated in this study. This researcher, from existing literature, developed a questionnaire regarding risk factors, mammograms, and breast self-examination. The findings of this study imply that there is a crucial need to educate women in the African- American community about the importance of breast cancer screening. This is consistent with the research findings cited in this study. With greater knowledge and earlier detection, the breast cancer mortality rate might decrease among African-American women.
According to the American Cancer Society (2004), breast cancer is the most common malignancy (other than lung cancer), and ranks second among causes of cancer death among African-American women. Mortality rates are attributed to increased poverty among African Americans, differences in cultural beliefs, and a lack of access to medical care. Getting women in earlier for first time screening and annual mammograms is imperative. This research utilization project took place in Harnett County, North Carolina, at Cutts Baptist Church. The purpose of this research utilization project was to develop and implement an educational program for African-American women about the importance of mammograms for members of Cutts Baptist church. Women who participated in the project were encouraged to have mammography screenings. Participants completed a mammogram pre-questionnaire prior to the educational program and a mammogram post-questionnaire one week after the educational program to determine mammogram compliance, mammogram facilities used, motivational factors and inhibiting factors reported by the attendees. Eight of the twelve women reported they had already had a mammogram since the session or had one scheduled for the near future. The mean score on the pre-test Breast Cancer Knowledge Test (BCKT) was 55% pre-education, and increased to 85% after the educational session. Respondents all reported that thay enjoyed the comfortable familiar church atmosphere, the convenience of the location, tthe information gained from the session, and the realization that regular screening can help protect them for undetected brast cancer.
This qualitative study addressed the research question, what are the perspectives and experiences related to breast cancer and breast cancer screening of African American women residing in rural eastern North Carolina? A literature review indicated little research related to the perceptions and experiences of rural African American women about breast cancer and breast cancer screening. In a previously conducted unpublished larger study (Burke, Barrett, & Cherry, 2009), the perspectives of women from rural North Carolina about breast cancer and breast cancer screening were collected by means of focus group interviews. The researcher in the present study conducted a qualitative analysis of data from a sub-set of focus group interviews that involved African American women. A qualitative approach in this study afforded an opportunity to gain insight into African American women's experiences and views regarding breast cancer and breast cancer screening. The researcher analyzed transcripts from three focus group interviews that involved 17 African American women residing in rural eastern North Carolina. Five themes that emerged from the data were: knowledge and beliefs about breast cancer, influences on breast cancer screening behaviors, personal experience with screening, emotional reactions to discussing breast cancer and breast cancer screening, and promoting breast cancer screening. Key findings related to these emergent themes included a self-perceived low level of knowledge about breast cancer, cultural views about various causes of breast cancer, perspectives about mammograms, perceived barriers to breast cancer screening, the influence of faith on breast cancer and breast cancer screening, personal experiences with breast cancer screening, fear as a commonly shared reaction to breast cancer and breast cancer screening, and best practices for promoting breast cancer awareness and education. The researcher identified a need for future research on the topic of minority health in rural populations, specifically around breast cancer screenings and preventive health. An analysis of a sub-set of qualitative data provided by African American women and a comparison of findings with the research literature led the researcher to recommend that tailored health education be provided African American women on the topic of breast cancer and breast cancer screening.
This research project analyzes the relationship between demographic characteristics and social networks of African-American women and their utilization of mammography screening. The concept social network and the Boissevain Model are used to describe and explain the structure of personal networks and interaction patterns in social relationships among African-American women. The primary focus of this study is qualitative research; however, quantitative analysis is used as a supplement to provide comparative descriptive analysis of about white and African-American women who reside in Boone County, Missouri. Quantitative analysis is based on secondary measures from the Boone County Health Report Card Project. Qualitative data collection and analysis was used to understand the influence of social networks on mammography screening. The goal of this research is to understand the cultural meanings and processes that shape breast cancer screening behavior of older African-American women. The cases selected are women over 40 years of age who attend Walnut Church in Columbia, Missouri. Face to Face interviews were conducted with 20 participants. The respondents answered approximately 50 questions in 30 minutes. The results suggest that several factors contribute to African-American women participating in mammography screening services.
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women; however, African American women have the lowest survival rates compared to other ethnic groups and the lowest rate of mammogram screening. To increase awareness for breast cancer screenings in underserved populations, researchers partnered with Carin' and Sharin' Breast Cancer Education and Support Group, to enhance an existing health promotion and outreach program to include a complimentary "Lunch and Play" in Memphis, Tennessee. The expansion of the program was a 45-min skit, Hats off to Cancer, which used storytelling to honor and incorporate five different cultural experiences with breast cancer prevention and diagnosis.To ensure the success of this project, community-based participatory research (CBPR) was the research methodology chosen. The choice to utilize CBPR was in large part because the goal of the project was to ensure that the importance of shared cultural backgrounds, beliefs, and experiences unique to underserved African American women was included in the planning, design, and implementation of a community-based cancer screening and prevention program.
Despite general consensus that breast cancer (BC) survivors should undergo annual mammography, findings indicate over 1 in 7 women fail to receive a mammogram within 2 years of BC treatment, and that African Americans are almost half as likely to participate in mammography screening as Caucasians. To develop and pilot test a survey instrument to understand what factors influence a BC survivor's decision to receive mammography and whether differences exist in these factors by patient race. Methods: Using information from the literature and focus groups (two each among African American and Caucasian BC survivors), we developed a mailed patient survey, which was mailed to African American and Caucasian BC survivors. Results were analyzed to identify the beliefs, social influences, and preferences for mammography screening attributes. Results: Overall, general trends showed that test accuracy, friendliness of staff, and ease of appointment scheduling were important attributes to mammogram screening use. Although the low response rates among non-users precluded us from comprehensively evaluating racial differences in the factors associated with mammogram use following BC treatment, the results provide promising preliminary data. Future research will continue investigations into understanding the mammography use decision making process and how this process differs by race. A primary consideration will also be how to improve research participation rates among non-users.
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