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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between African American women's health beliefs in regard to breast cancer and screening behaviors, knowledge and attitudes that may serve as incentives or barriers to their adherence to routine BSE practices. For the purpose of this research study, reference to African American women encompassed all women whose ancestors were brought from the continent of Africa to the Americas, Europe, and the Caribbean, involuntarily. The Health Belief Model (HBM), one of the most widely recognized conceptual frameworks of health behavior, served as the theoretical framework. The Breast Cancer Screening Beliefs Instrument Scale (HBMS) was the instrument used in this study. This instrument explores ethnic differences in attitudes toward health practices, health beliefs, risk estimates, and knowledge about breast cancer and breast cancer screenings.
"Breast cancer mortality rates differ among racial/ethnic groups in the United States and currently are about 16% higher in black women than in white women. The reason for this racial/ethnic difference is unknown. Due to the low rate of breast cancer screening practices in this population, an educational program was developed to increase the participants' knowledge about breast cancer, including the need for breast self-examination (BSE) and mammograms. The plan is to increase the awareness of breast cancer in African American women, and access of routine breast screening in collaboration with community-based organizations such as churches, among low-income and uninsured women. This educational program consists of African American women watching a seven minute educational video. The movie is about breast cancer and the importance of early detection, clinical breast examinations by professionals, yearly mammograms, and demonstrates how to perform breast self examination. This educational program will be guided by a systematic process for the change to evidence-based practice. The program will increase the participant's knowledge of breast cancer risks and screening practices among middle-aged African American women. Breast cancer screening offers the greatest potential for reducing deaths in the African American population. Increased knowledge and changing beliefs associated with breast cancer screening are important when attempting to increase mammography and BSE among African American women. Nurses can make a difference in the education and decrease in mortality rate of these women if they recognize how a woman's cultural beliefs and attitudes can adversely affect health promotion and disease prevention behaviors." -- from Introduction.
The objective of this study is to examine the knowledge of breast cancer screening among African-American women. A descriptive design was used for this study. A convenience sample of 80 African-American women participated in this study. This researcher, from existing literature, developed a questionnaire regarding risk factors, mammograms, and breast self-examination. The findings of this study imply that there is a crucial need to educate women in the African- American community about the importance of breast cancer screening. This is consistent with the research findings cited in this study. With greater knowledge and earlier detection, the breast cancer mortality rate might decrease among African-American women.
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in African-American women. Studies have reported that African-American women with breast cancer are more likely to be diagnosed at a later stage of the disease and have a higher mortality rate than white women. Despite this, African-American women are less likely than White women to avail themselves of the benefits of screening mammography. This is most often attributed to lack of education, lack of access, and low socioeconomic status. However, it has been repeatedly shown that when socioeconomic, educational, and logistic barriers are minimized, African-Americans continue to underutilize these screening procedures. In this study, breast cancer screening behaviors and the factors that influence those behaviors were measured by means of a survey questionnaire distributed to members of a defined population of African-American and White women with potentially comparable levels of education, health care access, and socioeconomic status. This report describes the background, objectives, and procedures of this study, and details the work carried out in Year 02, including data collection and analysis. A total of 782 usable surveys were returned from female public school teachers in Philadelphia aged 40 and older. White respondents were more likely than African-Americans to be married or cohabiting, and had significantly higher annual household incomes; they were also more likely to have been adherent to mammography guidelines over the previous five years and to say that they would definitely get a mammogram in the next 24 months. African-Americans, by contrast, were more likely than Whites to have practiced regular breast self-examination. When demographic and health- related factors were controlled for, however, no significant effect of race on mammography adherence or intentions was found.