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This Technical Note discusses the findings and recommendations made in the Financial Sector Assessment Program for the Netherlands in the areas of managing problem banks and systemic banking crises. Significant progress has been made toward implementing the Banking Union, although key aspects have not yet been completed. The Single Resolution Board (SRB), which assumed responsibility in January 2016, remains in start-up mode, and the Dutch central bank provides substantial support to Dutch banks. Another challenge is the complex decision-making structure of the SRB, which may impede timely decision making when it comes to resolution. The adequacy of financial safety nets remains a concern.
In the wake of the financial crises of the late 1990s, there was a surge of interest in the systematic assessment of financial sectors, with a view to identifying vulnerabilities and evaluating the sector's developmental needs. Consequently, there has been an increased demand from financial sector authorities in many countries for information on key issues and sound practices in the assessment of financial systems and the appropriate design of policy responses. In response, Financial Sector Assessmsnet presents a general analytical framework and broad guidance on approaches, methodologies and key techniques for assessing the stability and development needs of financial systems. It synthesizes current global sound practices in financial sector assessment.
This Technical Note discusses the findings and recommendations in the Financial Sector Assessment Program for the Netherlands on the macroprudential policy framework. The authorities have strengthened the institutional arrangement for macroprudential policy by enhancing the Netherlands Bank’s legal mandate and establishing the Financial Stability Committee, but there is room for improvement. The authorities’ analysis of systemic vulnerabilities is sophisticated and timely. The authorities have been using the range of macroprudential instruments at their disposal, but further tightening will be necessary to contain a potential buildup of systemic risk in the financial system.
Macroprudential policy in the Netherlands has centered on the residential real estate (RRE) market given the importance of this market for households, banks, and insurers. RRE represents nearly 50 percent of total household assets, and housing loans account for about 85 percent of total household liabilities, more than half of Dutch banks’ domestic loan portfolio, and 15 percent of insurers’ assets. Authorities have therefore actively used RRE-related macroprudential tools, such as banks’ capital risk weighting of residential mortgage loans, limits on loan-to-value (LTV) and debt service-to-income (DSTI) ratios for mortgages, or mortgage interest deductibility from taxes (MID).

Germany

International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department

Published: 2016-06-29

Total Pages: 118


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This paper evaluates the risks and vulnerabilities of the German financial system and reviews both the German regulatory and supervisory framework and implementation of the common European framework insofar as it is relevant for Germany. The country is home to two global systemically important financial institutions, Deutsche Bank AG and Allianz SE. The system is also very heterogeneous, with a range of business models and a large number of smaller banks and insurers. The regulatory landscape has changed profoundly with strengthened solvency and liquidity regulations for banks (the EU Capital Requirements Regulation and Directive IV), and the introduction of macroprudential tools.
This analysis is conducted against a backdrop of a gradual domestic recovery, but still uncertain international context and remaining domestic vulnerabilities. Household debt is high and negative equity among young borrowers is prevalent. A substantial portion of households have a loan-to-value ratio above 100 percent. While bank capitalization has improved since the crisis, balance sheets have contracted, profitability is low, and banks remain significantly reliant on wholesale funding. Financial institutions also face challenges from the continuing low interest rate environment and slow credit growth.
This report summarizes the findings of the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) Update for Spain. Although there is a core of strong banks that are well managed and appear resilient to further shocks, vulnerabilities remain. Substantial progress has been made in reforming the former savings banks, and the most vulnerable institutions have either been resolved or are being restructured. Recent measures address the most problematic part of banks’ portfolios. Moving ahead, a further restructuring and recapitalization of some of the remaining weaker banks may be needed as a result of deteriorating economic conditions.

Sweden

International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department

Published: 2016-11-17

Total Pages: 61


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This paper discusses the findings of the Financial System Stability Assessment for Sweden. The Swedish financial system is large and highly interconnected, putting a premium on the accompanying policy framework. Relative to the size of the domestic economy, the financial system is among Europe’s largest. It features complex domestic and international linkages, reflecting Sweden’s role as a regional financial hub. However, the macrofinancial risks have grown since 2011, for example the rising share of highly indebted households. Stress tests also suggest that banks and nonbanks are largely resilient to solvency shocks, but concerns persist about the ability of bank models to capture unexpected losses.
Regulation of securities and derivatives markets in the European Union (EU) has changed materially since the last Netherlands FSAP, with further reforms underway. Major reforms for securities and derivatives trading were implemented through Markets in Financial Instruments Directive and Regulation II (MiFID II) in 2018, and revisions agreed in 2023 will bring further changes in the coming years, including plans to support greater consolidation of transaction data. In asset management, the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (AIFMD) review is incorporating among other changes enhanced provisions on liquidity management, and for Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities (UCITS) a new regulatory regime for depositories was put in place.
The euro area (EA) bank resolution and crisis management arrangements have been strengthened considerably over recent years, but work remains to complete and unify the regime. The adoption of the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD) and the Single Resolution Mechanism Regulation (SRMR), and the establishment of the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) and the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM) provide a foundation to deal with problem banks. The authorities remain committed to completing the banking union through the establishment of a backstop for the Single Resolution Fund (SRF) and a European deposit insurance scheme (EDIS) and other measures, many of which are in line with recommendations in this report.