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Pyrolysis and Hydropyrolysis of Kentucky oil shale using super-critical toluene as the solvent was studied in a 300 c.c. stirred batch reactor. Organic carbon conversions in excess of 160% Fischer Assay were obtained in less than 30 minutes for those reactions occurring above 400 C with hydrogen atmospheres. It was found that the overall conversion of organic compound to oil and gas products could be adequately modeled using a second order irreversible rate expression. Reactions occurring at 460 C and 300 psig hydrogen partial pressure could be considered instantaneous, yielding organic carbon conversions of 185% Fischer Assay. The effects of hydrogen partial pressure was found to be significant for reactions occurring above 400 degrees C. The selectivity for total carbon conversion to oil was shown to be high, however this value was dependent on the reaction temperature and reaction time. A characterization comparison between a pyrolysis oil produced by Dravo Engineers, Inc. and the oil produced from a run performed at 440 C for 10 minutes demonstrated that the oils were remarkably similar in their chemical make-up.
This book covers the origin and chemical structure of sedimentary organic matter, how that structure relates to appropriate chemical reaction models, how to obtain reaction data uncontaminated by heat and mass transfer, and how to convert that data into global kinetic models that extrapolate over wide temperature ranges. It also shows applications for in-situ and above-ground processing of oil shale, coal and other heavy fossil fuels. It is essential reading for anyone who wants to develop and apply reliable chemical kinetic models for natural petroleum formation and fossil fuel processing and is designed for course use in petroleum systems modelling. Problem sets, examples and case studies are included to aid in teaching and learning. It presents original work and contains an extensive reanalysis of data from the literature.