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This title was first published in 2000. The privatization of former social state housing through recent public-private partnerships is becoming increasingly prevalent in Third World as well as in Western countries. In most Third World countries, this shift has had profound effects upon the patterns of access of shelter. Drawing on studies of South Asian and other Third World contexts, as well as original in-depth empirical research from Amritsar, a city in North-West India, this book offers an analysis of the withdrawal of state housing provision. It develops and applies a unique model based on social status to analyze the new routes of access to housing and land by the urban poor. Its conclusions argue that these new privatization policies largely rely upon already existing informal and self-help settlements which continue to attract the poor and to be the largest housing providers in many cities, thus providing a ready-made safety net for such policies. The inter-linkages between the private state and the public market make up a highly diversified and complex picture of shelter arrangements being accessed by the poor which is reflected in the social differentiation and increasingly stratified housing market. The book argues that these partnership policies therefore have long-term implications upon social patterns of inclusion and exclusion which must be addressed.
Among urban designers and municipal officials, the term encroachment is defined as a deviation from the official master plan. But in cities today, such informal modifications to the urban fabric are deeply enmeshed with formal planning procedures. Master Plans and Encroachments examines informality in the high-modernist city of Islamabad as a strategic conformity to official schemes and regulations rather than as a deviation from them. For the new administrative capital of Pakistan designed in 1959 by Greek architect and planner Constantinos A. Doxiadis, Islamabad's master plan offers a clear template of formal urban design within which informal spaces and processes have been articulated. Drawing on deep archival research, wide-ranging interviews, and an array of visual material, including photographs, maps, and architectural drawings, Faiza Moatasim shows how Islamabad's master plan is not simply a blueprint that guides future urban development or makes its violations apparent; it is used by both city officials and citizens to develop informal spaces that accommodate unfulfilled needs and desires of those living and working in the city. Master Plans and Encroachments is the first book that examines the informal practices of both the privileged and the underprivileged. The book highlights how low-, middle-, and upper-income people do not randomly build informal spaces; they strategically use architectural techniques to support their informal claims to space, which are often met with the government's tacit approval. By focusing on those spaces in Islamabad's urban fabric that are not part of its official master plan, the book demonstrates how planning actually works in complex ways.
With an official population approaching fifteen million, Karachi is one of the largest cities in the world. It is also the most violent. Since the mid-1980s, it has endured endemic political conflict and criminal violence, which revolve around control of the city and its resources (votes, land and bhatta-"protection" money). These struggles for the city have become ethnicized. Karachi, often referred to as a "Pakistan in miniature," has become increasingly fragmented, socially as well as territorially. Despite this chronic state of urban political warfare, Karachi is the cornerstone of the economy of Pakistan. Gayer's book is an attempt to elucidate this conundrum. Against journalistic accounts describing Karachi as chaotic and ungovernable, he argues that there is indeed order of a kind in the city's permanent civil war. Far from being entropic, Karachi's polity is predicated upon organisational, interpretative and pragmatic routines that have made violence "manageable" for its populations. Whether such "ordered disorder" is viable in the long term remains to be seen, but for now Karachi works despite-and sometimes through-violence.
In This Remarkable Study Based On More Than Two Years Of Ethnographic And Archival Research, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar Argues That The Combined Interventions Of The Two Postcolonial States Were Enormously Important In Shaping These Massive Displacements. She Examines The Long, Contentious, And Ambivalent Process Of Drawing Political Boundaries And Making Distinct Nation-States In The Midst Of This Historic Chaos. Zamindar Crosses Political And Conceptual Boundaries To Bring Together Oral Histories With North Indian Muslim Families Divided Between The Two Cities Of Delhi And Karachi With Extensive Archival Research In Previously Unexamined Urdu Newspapers And Government Records Of India And Pakistan. She Juxtaposes The Experiences Of Ordinary People Against The Bureaucratic Interventions Of Both Postcolonial States To Manage And Control Refugees And Administer Refugee Property. As A Result, She Reveals The Surprising History Of The Making Of The Western Indo-Pak Border, One Of The Most Highly Surveillanced In The World, Which Came To Be Instituted In Response To This Refugee Crisis, In Order To Construct National Difference Where It Was The Most Blurred. In Particular, Zamindar Examines The Muslim Question At The Heart Of Partition. From The Margins And Silences Of National Histories, She Draws Out The Resistance, Bewilderment, And Marginalization Of North Indian Muslims As They Came To Be Pushed Out And Divided By Both Emergent Nation-States. It Is Here That Zamindar Asks Us To Stretch Our Understanding Of Partition Violence To Include This Long, And In Some Sense Ongoing, Bureaucratic Violence Of Postcolonial Nationhood, And To Place Partition At The Heart Of A Twentieth Century Of Border-Making And Nation-State Formation. A Product Of Outstanding Historical-Ethnographic Research, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar'S Book Tells Like No One Has Done Before The Maddeningly Tangled Story Of How, In The Years After The Partition Of 1947, India And Pakistan Actually Came To Separate Their Territories, Properties, And Peoples Into Two Sovereign States. Zamindar'S Ability To Weave Into A Single Narrative The National And The Local, The Administrative And The Personal, The Everyday And The Epochal, Is Truly Remarkable. This Is A Path Breaking Contribution To Modern South Asian Studies. Partha Chatterjee, Author Of The Politics Of The Governed: Reflections On Popular Politics In Most Of The World A Deeply Moving Account Of The Contingent Category Of The No-Questions-Asked Natural Citizen Within The Indian And Pakistani Nation-States, At Birth And In Their Long, Postnatal Condition. The Hurriedly Fixed National Boundaries Here Both Necessitate And Entice, Contain And Penalize Crossings. Zamindar Richly Documents How For Some Minority Groups Travel, Kinship Ties, And A National Longing Have To Be Continually Bared To Lay Claim To Citizenship Within A Multireligious Dispensation. An Unsettling Work That Breaks Through The Chalk Circles Circumscribing The Retellings Of Our Separate And National Pasts. Shahid Amin, Author Of Writing Alternative Histories: A View From India A Remarkable Exercise Of Ethno-History From Below. In Addition To Official Sources, Zamindar Has Collected Testimonies In Archives And Interviewed Survivors Of Partition To Offer An Original And Significant Chronicle Of The Nation-Making Process In Both India And Pakistan. Christophe Jaffrelot, Author Of The Hindu Nationalist Movement And Indian Politics, 1925 To The 1990S This Is A Significant And Path-Breaking Book And Is Likely To Become The Standard Study Of The Subject. It Will Be Cited Authoritatively Or Be Argued With For Some Time To Come. Aamir Mufti, Author Of Enlightenment In The Colony: The Jewish Question And The Crisis Of Postcolonial Culture
Asian history.
Urbanisation and urban development issues are the focus of this comprehensive account which introduces readers to the far-reaching changes now taking place in Chinese cities.
This reissue, initially published in 1989, considers the upsurge of locally-based movements attempting to improve living conditions in Third-World cities throughout the 1980s. The book presents qualitative, comparative research on the dynamics and constraints of these urban social movements, in a cross-cultural framework, using case studies from a variety of Latin American, African and Asian countries. As more democratic-type regimes establish themselves in the Third World, the possibilities for collective organisations and actions increase. Urban social movements therefore are playing an increasingly important role in the habitat of the poor.
This book deals with important issues related to urban housing in South Asia. It analyses various aspects of housing, including spatial and temporal requirements and needs, as well as the challenges of implementing housing projects, such as financial feasibility of estate development projects and housing design. Finally, it discusses the socio-economic and environmental impacts of the rapid urban housing development in South Asia. Written by experts from various disciplines, the book presents several case studies that address issues such as housing provision; legislative, financial and technical support; access to employment opportunities and markets; the cumulative impact on gentrification; exclusion and spatial equity; and the economic, social and environmental sustainability of urban tissue. Researchers, housing planners, and policy makers will find this book a valuable resource in meeting the demand for affordable and sustainable housing and overcoming housing shortages in developing countries