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This monograph examines the adequacy of current jungle and infantry doctrine in addressing the conduct of night operations in jungle environment. Daytime jungle operations already have much in common with night operations in general due to the limited visibility afforded by the dense vegetation. The degree of difficulty increases dramatically when operating during darkness. Such operations require a thorough understanding of why, when, and how to conduct them. This monograph first examines the night jungle operations conducted during WWII and the Vietnam Conflict to gain a historical perspective of the types of operations conducted in the past as well as their success. It then reviews and analyzes current doctrine for night fighting to determine its applicability to a jungle environment. Next, the monograph contrasts past night jungle operations with current doctrine and concludes that current doctrine does not sufficiently address the conduct of night jungle warfare. Lastly, the monograph offers some recommendations for inclusion to doctrine to address the shortcomings identified.
FM 90-5 Jungle Operations is the Army's field manual (FM) describing the jungle warfare environment, including life in the jungle, preparation, and training to deploy to jungle areas, threats in jungle areas, tactical operations, combat operations, and combat service support.
This United States Army publication, Field Manual FM 90-5 Jungle Operations August 1982 describes: The Jungle Environment; Life in the Jungle; Preparation and Training to Deploy to Jungle; The Threat in Jungle Areas; Tactical Operations; Helicopter, Armor, Mechanized Infantry, And Combat Support Operations; and Combat Service Support. It has appendixes which cover: References; Navigation and Tracking; Jungle Obstacles; Waterborne Operations; Fighting Positions and Shelters; NBC Warfare in Jungle Areas; Communication Techniques in a Jungle Environment; The Individual Soldier's Combat Load; Adjustment of Indirect Fire by Sound; and Defensive Formations.
Smallholder farmers and pastoralists fulfil an invaluable yet undervalued role in conserving biodiversity. They act as guardians of locally adapted livestock breeds that can make use of even marginal environments under tough climatic conditions and therefore are a crucial resource for food security. But in addition, by sustaining animals on natural vegetation and as part of local ecosystems, these communities also make a significant contribution to the conservation of wild biodiversity and of cultural landscapes. This publication provides a glimpse into the often intricate knowledge systems that pastoralists and smallholder farmers have developed for the management of their breeds in specific production systems and it also describes the multitude of threats and challenges these often marginalized communities have to cope with.