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Rebuilding soil organic matter (SOM) to regionally specific targets for high quality soil that are likely maintained in the long term, here defined as “SOM JumpStart”, can unlock soil's potential for increased productivity, enhanced resilience and reduced emission as the main components for climate-smart agriculture (CSA). A field experiment was established in 2013 at Fulton County, western Illinois to use highly stabilized organic amendment (HSOA) at a rate, potentially raising surface SOM of cultivated Alfisol (low quality soil) to the level of cultivated Mollisol (high quality soil for US Midwest). Treatments included one-time application of lagoon-aged air-dried biosolids at 165 Mg ha-1, one-time application of vegetative compost at 165 Mg ha-1, chemical fertilizer at 225-50-85 kg ha-1 yr-1 (N-P-K) as control, and grass fallow as reference. In every year following the HSOA application, fertilizer (N and K) rate was reduced by 25%, and no P was applied for most years. Corn was planted annually. The HSOA JumpStart application dramatically increased SOM, leading to soil organic carbon (SOC) at 2-2.5% after biosolids and about 3% after compost for 2013-2019, as that of Mollisol, while that in chemical fertilizer control remained unchanged at 1-1.2%. For the first seven years, HSOA JumpStart increased corn grain yield by a mean of 19.8% (biosolids) and 7.1% (compost) above the control, with greater increase at precipitations-abnormal (low/high) years. The SOM JumpStart caused the shift of soil microbial physiology to high C utilization efficiency, as evident by reduced microbial metabolic quotient for CO2, leading to the decrease in CO2 emission from agricultural crop residues by 19.6% (biosolids) and 20.0% (compost). Our modeling revealed the promising soil C sequestration (excluding residual C from HSOA) over next 50 years at 10.6 Mg C ha-1 by biosolids application and 13.9 Mg C ha-1 by compost application, higher than 6.8 Mg C ha-1 anticipated by “4 per 1000” international initiative. Even 50 years later, total SOC stock in JumpStarted soil is expected to be over 50% higher than that in control. Our results suggest the SOM JumpStart by HSOA such as biosolids and compost can transform conventional corn production to CSA.
FROM THE PREFACE The main objective of composting is to transform organic materials into a stable usable product. Often organic materials which may have limited beneficial use in their raw state or have regulatory disposal constraints can be transformed by composting into marketable products. The limits on beneficial reuse may be regulations or they may be due to the potential for materials to be putrescible or pathogenic. Composting can be a solution for each of these. The implementation of composting on a large scale (in contrast to home or backyard composting) involves materials handling. Technological implementation of composting must be consistent with the biological demand of the system. If the biological system is violated, conditions will not be optimized for composting, and problems such as odor generation, insufficient aeration or moisture, or a combination of these conditions may result. Past problems and closure of facilities have been largely due to violations of the biological systems. Product quality with respect to particle size, inclusions, moisture content and other physical aspects are a function of engineering design. A well designed system must have the biological and engineering principles in harmony at all times.
What are the advantages of making one's own compost? Is there really a benefit to using compost as opposed to building soil organic matter through other means? How can the decision about compost making affect a farm's economics? Part of the NOFA Guides series, this manual will help answer these questions, and is specifically intended to address the conditions faced by organic farmers in the Northeast. Information on composting techniques, including: Principles and biology of composting Temperature, aeration and moisture control Composting methods Materials (additives and inoculants, biodynamic preparations) About costs (site preparation, equipment, labor and time) What do you do with it? Compost tea and other brewed microbial cultures Compost and the law With extended appendices including a recipe calculator, potting mix recipes, and a sample compost production budget sheet.
The Composting Handbook provides a single guide to the science, principles and best practices of composting for large-scale composting operations facing a variety of opportunities and challenges converting raw organic materials into a useful and marketable product. Composting is a well-established and increasingly important method to recycle and add value to organic by-products. Many, if not most, of the materials composting treats are discarded materials that would otherwise place a burden on communities, industries, farms and the environment. Composting converts these materials into a valuable material, compost, that regenerates soils improving soils for plant growth and environmental conservation. The Composting Handbook expands on previously available resources by incorporating new information, new subjects and new practices, drawing its content from current scientific principles, research, engineering and industry experience. In both depth and breadth, it covers the knowledge that a compost producer needs to succeed. Topics include the composting process, methods of composting, equipment, site requirements, environmental issues and impacts, business knowledge, safety, and the qualities, uses and markets for the compost products. The Composting Handbook is an invaluable reference for composting facility managers and operators, prospective managers and operators, regulators, policy makers, environmental advocates, educators, waste generators and managers and generally people interested in composting as a business or a solution. It is also appropriate as a textbook for college courses and a supplemental text for training courses about composting or organic waste management. - Created in conjunction with the Compost Research and Education Foundation (CREF) - Includes the latest information on composting and compost, providing the first comprehensive resource in decades - Written with focus on both academic and industrial insights and advances
The dramatic worldwide increase in agricultural and industrial productivity has created severe environmental problems. Soil and groundwater reservoirs have been polluted with pesticides, xenobiotics and agro-chemicals. The global consensus to reduce inputs of chemical pesticides and agrochemical fertilizers, which are perceived at being hazardous by some consumers, has provided opportunities for the development of novel, benign sustainable crop management strategies. The future of agricultural depends upon our ability to enhance the productivity without damage to their long-term production potential. One of the strategies is the application of effective microbial products beneficial for both farmers and ecosystems. This kind of approach can ensure both ecological and economic sustainability. Soil microbial populations are immersed in framework of interactions, which are known to affect plant fitness and soil quality. For betterment of life of human being, improved quality and variety of products are formed due to versatile action of different group of microorganisms, Microbes are able to degrade solid waste material into compost which is a mixture of decayed organic matter, manure etc. Incomplete microbial degradation of organic waste where the microbial process varies aerobic to anaerobic form is stated as compost, if added to soil improves plant growth and development. The biological activities and microbial metabolism in the soil contribute to alter its mixture and fertility. Incorporation of organic remain in the form of compost is known to influence favourably the physio-chemical and biological properties of soil. The beneficial activities bestowed upon plants by compost utilization are multifaceted, hence most promising alternatives for achieving sustainable agricultural production. An increased awareness on compost has led to their use in agricultural concern. Contents in the present book will comprised various chapters on the role of beneficial bacteria in the composting process. The application is depicted to achieve the attainable productivity besides, in disease management and suppressiveness of organisms of phytopathogenic in nature. Significance of the compost elicits certain responses e.g. soil reclamation, soil fertility, soil health and disease management exhibit due to quality compost amendment in soil. It serves as low cost prospective option for sustainable crop production and protection.
We investigated the agricultural use of locally produced biosolids compost, the fate of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin during the composting process, community perceptions about biosolids, and sociological factors of community involvement in waste management research and decision-making.
Create your own compost and grow better plants. With breathtaking clarity, Compost Science for Gardeners demystifies composting practices and helps readers determine the best technique for their unique situation. This comprehensive science-based book is your key to building healthier soil and growing better plants. Using plain language and easy-to-follow instructions, this essential resource distills and blends the latest scientific research with the author's many decades of knowledge and experience into manageable form, debunking a host of common gardening myths along the way. Learn about: The role of composting in the ecological cycle Compostable materials to incorporate and those to avoid Browns and greens vs the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio The full range of composting methods, including cold and hot composting; composting in piles, bins, and tumblers; and pit and trench composting Keyhole gardening, food digesters, vermicomposting, bokashi, eco-enzyme fermentation, and more The relative merits and impact on the environment of each composting technique Using finished compost to improve soil health Anyone can compost. Whether you are a balcony or backyard gardener, market gardener, small-scale farmer, or homesteader, or even if you are simply looking for a way to keep organic matter out of the landfill, this book will show you how to do it simply, safely, and sensibly.
This guide describes the benefits, guides the use of commercially produced compost and provides instruction for farmers who have the time and equipment to produce compost from organic wastes on their own farm.
"'Published by the Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program, with funding from the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture."