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As the COVID-19 virus swept across the nation in spring 2020, infection and hospitalization rates in states like West Virginia remained relatively low. By that July, each of Appalachia's 423 counties had recorded confirmed cases. The coronavirus pandemic has taken an enormous toll on the health of individuals and institutions throughout the region—a stark reminder that even isolated rural populations are subject to historical, biological, ecological, and geographical factors that have continually created epidemics over the past millennia. In Appalachian Epidemics: From Smallpox to COVID-19, scholars from diverse disciplinary backgrounds assess two centuries of public health emergencies and the subsequent responses. This volume peers into the trans–Appalachian South's experience with illness, challenging the misconception that rurality provides protection against maladies. In addition to surveying the impact of influenza, polio, and Lyme disease outbreaks, Appalachian Epidemics addresses the less-understood social determinants of health. The effects of the opioid crisis and industrial coal mining complicate the definition of disease and illuminate avenues for responding to future public health threats. From the significance of regional stereotypes to the spread of misinformation and the impact of racism and poverty on public health policy, Appalachian Epidemics makes clear that many of the natural, political, and socioeconomic forces currently shaping the region's experiences with COVID-19 and other crises have historical antecedents.
The two volumes comprising this new handbook provide a unique resource for studies involving toxicity profiles in aquatic, avian, and mammalian species. The arrangement of material in alphabetical order by species allows the reader straightforward access to information on the effects of chemicals on various life forms. For each group of species, the acute and chronic (short- and long-term) toxicity data are arranged in descending order, enabling the reader to evaluate the relative toxicity of chemicals for any given species. This arrangement of data also indicates the relative importance of exposure routes. Toxicity profiles include LC50 values, cancer indices, and Virtually Safe Doses (VSDs) and are provided for each organ. In addition, the Handbook provides important comparisons of identical toxicity testing methods and duration of exposure (e.g., LC5096h) to arrive at a ratio. The ambient concentration and its ratio to the toxic level will assist in selecting the cut-off chemical. This approach helps the reader to maximize the use of resources and to generate data that are specifically relevant to the species and ecosystem under study. The species-specific approach in the Handbook of Chemical Toxicity Profiles of Biological Species makes it a powerful tool for a wide range of studies. It may be used, for example, in evaluating the status of endangered or other species, making impact assessments, developing regulatory controls, and determining important areas for future research.