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Some years include minority, supplemental, and dissenting views.
Violent conflicts today are complex and increasingly protracted, involving more nonstate groups and regional and international actors. It is estimated that by 2030—the horizon set by the international community for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals—more than half of the world’s poor will be living in countries affected by high levels of violence. Information and communication technology, population movements, and climate change are also creating shared risks that must be managed at both national and international levels. Pathways for Peace is a joint United Nations†“World Bank Group study that originates from the conviction that the international community’s attention must urgently be refocused on prevention. A scaled-up system for preventive action would save between US$5 billion and US$70 billion per year, which could be reinvested in reducing poverty and improving the well-being of populations. The study aims to improve the way in which domestic development processes interact with security, diplomacy, mediation, and other efforts to prevent conflicts from becoming violent. It stresses the importance of grievances related to exclusion—from access to power, natural resources, security and justice, for example—that are at the root of many violent conflicts today. Based on a review of cases in which prevention has been successful, the study makes recommendations for countries facing emerging risks of violent conflict as well as for the international community. Development policies and programs must be a core part of preventive efforts; when risks are high or building up, inclusive solutions through dialogue, adapted macroeconomic policies, institutional reform, and redistributive policies are required. Inclusion is key, and preventive action needs to adopt a more people-centered approach that includes mainstreaming citizen engagement. Enhancing the participation of women and youth in decision making is fundamental to sustaining peace, as well as long-term policies to address the aspirations of women and young people.
...A chronological listing and description of reports relating to Boston arranged under the following headings: Commerce and Industry, Publications of the Federal Government, the Commonwealth, the City of Boston, the Chamber of Commerce, Other Organizations and Individuals, Related Subjects, General City Planning, Metropolitan Unity, Metropolitan Highways, Metropolitan Transportation, Industrial Education, Market Problems, Housing and Zoning; appendices include 1) A Chronological Summary of the Principal Investigations [1837-1924], 2) A Selected List of Important Publications, 3) A List of Manuals of Description and Information, 4) A Reference List of Important Maps and Plans, 5) A List of Notable Improvements Affecting Commerce and Industry, 6) A Statement on Differential Rates, 7) A List of Publications not Summarized; a subject index is included; the reports summarized date from 1844 through 1924; three aerial views are the Atlantic Avenue waterfront, the East Boston waterfront and the Army Base, South Boston; one map is entitled Historical Boston and shows the outline of Boston in 1630 and 1900 with acreage given for each; the other map is entitled Present-Day Boston; a copy of this publication was in the BRA collection...