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To what extent was the effectiveness of joint operations in the Gulf War influencedby individual service perspectives? This study uses Graham Allison's three models ofbureaucratic behavior (Model I, Rational Actor; Model II, Organizational Process;and Model III, Bureaucratic Politics) to answer this question. The value ofinterservice integration has been recognized for a long time. The Department ofDefense Reorganization Act of 1986 (Goldwater-Nichols) made significant stridesintegrating the services at the most senior levels, that is, the component commandersand above. The study concludes that, in general, at the component commander leveland above during Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm, rational decisions weremade and rational actions were implemented to prosecute the war (Model Ibehavior). The Goldwater-Nichols legislation did not make as much headway,however, in integrating the services below the level of component commander.Unlike the most senior levels of command, decisions made and actions taken were not always implemented for the most rational reason. For the most part, decisionsand actions were Model I. But at times, decisions and actions were not optimalbecause the decisionmaker/actor lacked information, had a different serviceperspective, and/or inadequately understood and empathized with members of theother services (primarily Model II, but with traces of Model III as well). Based onthese findings, the study suggests in order to continue to improve interserviceintegration, we need to teach concepts of service integration early in an officer'scareer, expand joint interaction and provide some additional standardization amongtheaters.
Twenty years ago, the Persian Gulf War captured the attention of the world as the first test of the U.S. Army since the Vietnam War and the first large-scale armor engagement since World War II. Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait and his subsequent ouster by the U.S.-led coalition are keys to understanding today's situation in the Middle East. The coalition partnerships cemented in that initial operation and in the regional peacekeeping operations that followed provided the basis for a growing series of multinational efforts that have characterized the post-Cold War environment. Moreover, the growing interoperability of U.S. air, sea, and land forces coupled with the extensive employment of more sophisticated weapons first showcased in Desert Storm have become the hallmark of American military operations and the standard that other nations strive to meet.
Provides an account, from the point of view of the U.S. Army forces employed, of the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War, from the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait to the withdrawal of coalition forces from southeastern Iraq. It focuses on the Army's part in this war, particularly the activities of the Headquarters, Third Army, and the Army Forces Central Command (ARCENT). It looks especially at the activities of the VII Corps, which executed ARCENT's main effort in the theater ground force schwerpunkt -- General Schwarzkopf's "Great Wheel." This is not an official history; the author speaks in his own voice and makes his own judgments. Maps.
Smallholder farmers and pastoralists fulfil an invaluable yet undervalued role in conserving biodiversity. They act as guardians of locally adapted livestock breeds that can make use of even marginal environments under tough climatic conditions and therefore are a crucial resource for food security. But in addition, by sustaining animals on natural vegetation and as part of local ecosystems, these communities also make a significant contribution to the conservation of wild biodiversity and of cultural landscapes. This publication provides a glimpse into the often intricate knowledge systems that pastoralists and smallholder farmers have developed for the management of their breeds in specific production systems and it also describes the multitude of threats and challenges these often marginalized communities have to cope with.
This collection of essays reflects the proceedings of a 1991 conference on "The United States Air Force: Aerospace Challenges and Missions in the 1990s," sponsored by the USAF and Tufts University. The 20 contributors comment on the pivotal role of airpower in the war with Iraq and address issues and choices facing the USAF, such as the factors that are reshaping strategies and missions, the future role and structure of airpower as an element of US power projection, and the aerospace industry's views on what the Air Force of the future will set as its acquisition priorities and strategies. The authors agree that aerospace forces will be an essential and formidable tool in US security policies into the next century. The contributors include academics, high-level military leaders, government officials, journalists, and top executives from aerospace and defense contractors.