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Anyone who has ever had a job has probably experienced work-related stress at some point or another. For many workers, however, job-related stress is experienced every day and reaches more extreme levels. Four in ten American workers say that their jobs are “very” or “extremely” stressful. Job stress is recognized as an epidemic in the workplace, and its economic and health care costs are staggering: by some estimates over $ 1 billion per year in lost productivity, absenteeism and worker turnover, and at least that much in treating its health effects, ranging from anxiety and psychological depression to cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Why are so many American workers so stressed out by their jobs? Many psychologists say stress is the result of a mismatch between the characteristics of a job and the personality of the worker. Many management consultants propose reducing stress by “redesigning” jobs and developing better individual strategies for “coping” with their stress. But, these explanations are not the whole story. They don’t explain why some jobs and some occupations are more stressful than other jobs and occupations, regardless of the personalities and “coping strategies” of individual workers. Why do auto assembly line workers and air traffic controllers report more job stress than university professors, self-employed business owners, or corporate managers (yes, managers!)? The authors of Work and Mental Health in Social Context take a different approach to understanding the causes of job stress. Job stress is systematically created by the characteristics of the jobs themselves: by the workers’ occupation, the organizations in which they work, their placements in different labor markets, and by broader social, economic and institutional structures, processes and events. And disparities in job stress are systematically determined in much the same way as are other disparities in health, income, and mobility opportunities. In taking this approach, the authors draw on the observations and insights from a diverse field of sociological and economic theories and research. These go back to the nineteenth century writings of Marx, Weber and Durkheim on the relationship between work and well-being. They also include the more contemporary work in organizational sociology, structural labor market research from sociology and economics, research on unemployment and economic cycles, and research on institutional environments. This has allowed the authors to develop a unified framework that extends sociological models of income inequality and “status” attainment (or allocation) to the explanation of non-economic, health-related outcomes of work. Using a multi-level structural model, this timely and comprehensive volume explores what is stressful about work, and why; specifically address these and questions and more: -What characteristics of jobs are the most stressful; what characteristics reduce stress? -Why do work organizations structure some jobs to be highly stressful and some jobs to be much less stressful? Is work in a bureaucracy really more stressful? -How is occupational “status” occupational “power” and “authority” related to the stressfulness of work? -How does the “segmentation” of labor markets by occupation, industry, race, gender, and citizenship maintain disparities in job stress? - Why is unemployment stressful to workers who don’t lose their jobs? -How do public policies on employment status, collective bargaining, overtime affect job stress? -Is work in the current “Post (neo) Fordist” era of work more or less stressful than work during the “Fordist” era? In addition to providing a new way to understand the sociological causes of job stress and mental health, the model that the authors provide has broad applications to further study of this important area of research. This volume will be of key interest to sociologists and other researchers studying social stratification, public health, political economy, institutional and organizational theory.
Abstract: Scientific and practical aspects of the role of social support in reducing work stress and improving health are presented for social scientists, social workers, and managers. The material is organized into 3 major sections: theoretical foundations; empirical evidence concerning human and animal data and various work settings; and the application of social support, its sources and their potential, for stress reduction and concomitant mental and physical health improvement. A theoretical treatment of buffering vs the main effects of social support (elaborated in the first 2 sections), and a discussion of problems associated with the detection of conditioning or buffering effects in cross-sectional studies, are appended. (wz).
This book presents a unique theoretical and practical overview of the issues relating to stress and burnout among healthcare professionals. Occupational stress offers guidance and advice on many subjects, including the maintenance of a healthy workforce.
Workers in the service industry face unique types and levels of stress, and this problem is worsening. Many workers and organizations are now recognizing work stress as a significant personal and organizational cost, and seeing the need to evaluate a range of organizational issues that present psychosocial hazards to the workers. Occupation
This interdisciplinary work addresses the psychology of stress and its effect on health. Contributors offer diverse perspectives on stress and its relations to public health and epidemiology, medical sociology, social psychiatry, experimental and clinical psychology, nursing studies, and animal physiology. Provided is an assessment of the various ways in which personal control is invoked in a range of health-relevant issues. The current state of knowledge is summarized, and opportunities for new developments are highlighted. Three major sections address the role of control in job settings and its influence on health; the relationship of control to clinical problems such as pain, stress, and heart disease; and the pathways through which control affects behavior and psychobiological responses, from an experimental perspective.
Leading theorists and researchers explore the concept of stress in this relevant and well-timed volume. Physicians, psychologists, sociologists, and social psychologists who have been engaged in stress-related projects offer exciting and practical suggestions for applying organizational behavior management principles to the problem of stress. They share timely discussions on the causes and implications of job stress, which affects all levels of employees in business and industrial settings. This stimulating volume addresses the major theoretical perspectives and interpretations of job stress--from the diverse fields of medicine, clinical psychology, engineering psychology, and organizational psychology and proposes stress measurement and stress management interventions. A fascinating review of the empirical research on stress indicates the present state of study on the subject and emphasizes the need for more applied research using OBM principles. There is currently a great deal of disagreement about the meaning of job stress, its effects on people and organizations, and strategies for coping with the phenomenon. The effects of stress on individuals and organizations are thoroughly explored in this timely volume.
First published in 1992. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
The changing nature of work (contract working, job insecurity, downsizing, privatization and deregulation) has had a profound effect on employment and health. The book covers government policy, EU directives, health and safety, industrial/employment policies and general welfare.