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I began this project with an interest in Jewish immigrant women's adjustment to American life. I first examined general patterns of immigration to the United States in the nineteenth century, to determine how Jewish immigration fit into the patterns and specifically, the. role of Jewish women in Jewish immigration. I also sought to discover how Jews differed from other immigrant groups, and how these differences affected the establishment of Jewish communities in America. Immigration to the United States in the nineteenth century falls into two categories : from approximately 1840 to 1880, immigrants came mostly from northern, western and central Europe; after 1880, eastern Europe was the source of what was called the "new immigration." Immigration began to rise significantly in the 1830s; the rate of immigration increased throughout the nineteenth century, due to the expansion of European population and the dislocations brought on by economic modernization, and the demand for manual labor which U.S. industrialization created. Before 1880, immigration from northwestern Europe- Ireland, Great Britain, Germany and the Netherlands- counted for two-thirds of total immigration; by 1880, the source of immigration had shifted to the southern and eastern countries- Italy, Russia, Poland, Austria-Hungary, and the Balkans. The shift in the source of immigration most likely occurred because economic development, accompanied by population growth, began in the northwest and spread across Europe. Localized catastrophic events- crop failure, famine, pogroms- often set off migration from specific countries. Although immigration has been seen as a movement of dislocated peasants, about half of the immigrants reporting occupations upon arrival in America between 1851 and 1917 came under the category of unskilled general labor and domestic service. These workers sought economic betterment; expanding American business and industry offered them opportunities, and until the 1890s, encouraged immigration to fill the many jobs available. Immigrants tended to settle in cities, attracted by the availability of jobs which urban and industrial expansion produced; moreover, cities corresponded to major ports of arrival from abroad.
A unique, positive collection of essays profiles a number of forgotten female Jewish leaders who played key roles in various American social and political movements, from suffrage and birth control to civil rights and fair labor practices.
In this fascinating portrait of Jewish immigrant wage earners, Susan A. Glenn weaves together several strands of social history to show the emergence of an ethnic version of what early twentieth-century Americans called the "New Womanhood." She maintains that during an era when Americans perceived women as temporary workers interested ultimately in marriage and motherhood, these young Jewish women turned the garment industry upside down with a wave of militant strikes and shop-floor activism and helped build the two major clothing workers' unions.
Chronicling the lives of Jewish immigrant women from their origins in Russia and Poland to their resettlement in the United States in the early twentieth century, this compelling history shows "ordinary" women living in extraordinary times. Illustrated.
Beyond the Synagogue Gallery recounts the emergence of new roles for American Jewish women in public worship and synagogue life. Karla Goldman's study of changing patterns of female religiosity is a story of acculturation, of adjustments made to fit Jewish worship into American society. Goldman focuses on the nineteenth century. This was an era in which immigrant communities strove for middle-class respectability for themselves and their religion, even while fearing a loss of traditions and identity. For acculturating Jews some practices, like the ritual bath, quickly disappeared. Women's traditional segregation from the service in screened women's galleries was gradually replaced by family pews and mixed choirs. By the end of the century, with the rising tide of Jewish immigration from Russia and Eastern Europe, the spread of women's social and religious activism within a network of organizations brought collective strength to the nation's established Jewish community. Throughout these changing times, though, Goldman notes persistent ambiguous feelings about the appropriate place of women in Judaism, even among reformers. This account of the evolving religious identities of American Jewish women expands our understanding of women's religious roles and of the Americanization of Judaism in the nineteenth century; it makes an essential contribution to the history of religion in America.
A groundbreaking history of how Jewish women maintained their identity and influenced social activism as they wrote themselves into American history. What does it mean to be a Jewish woman in America? In a gripping historical narrative, Pamela S. Nadell weaves together the stories of a diverse group of extraordinary people—from the colonial-era matriarch Grace Nathan and her great-granddaughter, poet Emma Lazarus, to labor organizer Bessie Hillman and the great justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, to scores of other activists, workers, wives, and mothers who helped carve out a Jewish American identity. The twin threads binding these women together, she argues, are a strong sense of self and a resolute commitment to making the world a better place. Nadell recounts how Jewish women have been at the forefront of causes for centuries, fighting for suffrage, trade unions, civil rights, and feminism, and hoisting banners for Jewish rights around the world. Informed by shared values of America’s founding and Jewish identity, these women’s lives have left deep footprints in the history of the nation they call home.
Shira Kohn and Rachel Kranson are doctoral candidates in New York University's joint Ph. D. program in history and Hebrew and Judaic studies --Book Jacket.
In the wake of World War I, a diverse group of women emigrated from Europe to the United States under austere conditions and adapted in different ways to life in the new country. Based on a major new study that includes in-depth interviews with 100 Italian and Jewish women who immigrated to the New York City area in the early 1900s, this volume explores family and work lives led by these women and the relative importance of cultural factors to the two groups' adjustment to American life. The interviews trace the process of adapting to life in the U.S., paying special attention to the specific experiences of women immigrants and the challenges they faced in surmounting gender and cultural barriers both within their families and in their new communities. This innovative, interdisciplinary study uses feminist approaches to explore immigrant women's lives from childhood to old age. The result is a nuanced view of the similarities and differences between the two groups, whose distinct family structures and cultural backgrounds led to different responses to the same pressures and difficulties.
The first comprehensive history of the oldest national religious Jewish women's organization in the United States. "A comprehensive history of the oldest religious Jewish women's organization in the US, exploring the council's uniquely female approach to such issues as immigrant aid, relationships between German and Eastern European Jews, and the power struggle between the Reform movement and more traditional interpretations of Judaisms." —Reference and Research Book News "Rogow clearly has mastered the history of American women and the history of the Jewish people in America, and she has laid out the story of one of the most significant and certainly enduring Jewish women's organizations." —American Historical Review