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The effectiveness of various refining processes in upgrading the thermal stability of aircraft turbine engine fuels has been examined. A Jet A-1 fuel was subjected to clay-treatment, desulfurization, and hydrogenation. The thermal stability of the treated and untreated fuels was determined using the Jet Fuel Thermal Oxydation Tester (JFTOT) thermal stability method. Desulfurization increased the JFTOT breakpoint by 120 to 140F, and desulfurization followed by hydrogenation increased the JFTOT breakpoint of the fuel by more than 150F. A low-aromatic JP-4 type of fuel, blended from a hydrogenated stock and a solvent-treated stock to remove aromatics, was also tested and compared to a conventional JP-4 fuel. Desulfurization, hydrogenation, clay treatment, and aromatic solvent extraction have been shown to be effective methods for upgrading the thermal stability of jet fuels.
For technical readers in the aviation and fuel industries, and in testing laboratories, explores the history and philosophy of the thermal stability of aviation fuel, and considerations during the fuel's manufacture, storage and transport, use, and assessment. The 13 papers, representing a number of
An initiative led by the US Air Force concluded that advances in military fighter aircraft systems would require fuels with over 50% improvement in heat sink capability over conventional JP8 fuel, This led to the creation of the "JP8 + 100" program during which hundreds of commercial additives were tested for thermal stability enhancing characteristics. The program demonstrated that the thermal stability of jet fuels (particularly JPS) could be enhanced through the use of particular additives and additive blends used at relatively low concentrations. Additionally, flight testing highlighted a significant reduction in fuel- and related maintenance costs, arising from cleaner combustion. One aspect of the incorporation of the most beneficial additives from a thermal stability viewpoint that has given some cause for concern, however, is the consequent effect on the water and solids separation from "JP8+100" fuel, a feature minimized by introduction of the "+100" additive as close to the skin of the aircraft as possible. Inspired by the USAF success, and anticipated consequential environmental benefits, we have conducted an experimental program for the design and development of a conceptually new multifunctional molecular species to enhance the thermal stability of jet fuels, without compromising other required essentials of jet a fuel product quality.
This paper describes the development of a liquid flow reactor which is capable of emulating the JFTOT apparatus conditions but which is constructed of simple off-the-shelf components. This new gravimetric fuel thermal oxidation tester allows the determination of deposit weights directly, simply and non-destructively by gravimetry. This new device is quite compact and offers vastly improved flexibility of operating conditions including a wide range of test temperatures, pressures, flows and reactant types. It is ideally constructed for the attachment of ancillary analytical devices. The results of tests with this device on 15 specification jet fuels at standard ASTM D3241 (Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Tester Procedure) conditions are presented. The gravimetric tester yielded quantitative and repeatable measurements of both heater strip deposits and fuel insoluble concentrations.
Presented at the International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition, Houston, Texas - June 5-8, 1995.