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Food safety is of national importance but the food law regulatory system in England is reliant on 388 local food authorities whose activities are based on historical precedent rather than on their ability to properly supervise an increasingly global food industry. The food industry in England must comply with a complex array of food laws the requirements of which are largely enforced by Environmental Health Officers and Trading Standards Officers working within local authorities. Other organisations are also involved in food law enforcement including the Food Standards Agency (FSA) and non-governmental official control bodies. As a whole the United Kingdom spends some £190 million every year in the delivery of official food controls in over 560,000 food premises by nearly 2,900 professional enforcement officers supported by over 600 administrative staff.' The current framework for local authority enforcement of food law was established following the reorganisation of local government in 1974 but the nature of food legislation itself has changed since the UK joined the European Community in 1973. This thesis questions whether a regulatory framework established in the 1970s is fit for purpose for the regulation of the food industry in the 21st century. A series of government sponsored reviews and studies have examined the nature of regulation, reviewed the availability of regulatory sanctions, considered the priorities for enforcement and questioned the techniques used by regulators. None have considered the fundamental issue of whether the enforcement of this legislation is best placed in the hands of local government. The aim of this thesis is to review the current food regulatory system in England and comment on its ability to ensure that the interests of the consumer are protected. It concludes that food official controls are not adequately performed by local authorities and that a single body with responsibility for these functions would be better placed to ensure that this vital work is carried out appropriately in future.
How safe is our food supply? Each year the media report what appears to be growing concern related to illness caused by the food consumed by Americans. These food borne illnesses are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, pesticide residues, and food additives. Recent actions taken at the federal, state, and local levels in response to the increase in reported incidences of food borne illnesses point to the need to evaluate the food safety system in the United States. This book assesses the effectiveness of the current food safety system and provides recommendations on changes needed to ensure an effective science-based food safety system. Ensuring Safe Food discusses such important issues as: What are the primary hazards associated with the food supply? What gaps exist in the current system for ensuring a safe food supply? What effects do trends in food consumption have on food safety? What is the impact of food preparation and handling practices in the home, in food services, or in production operations on the risk of food borne illnesses? What organizational changes in responsibility or oversight could be made to increase the effectiveness of the food safety system in the United States? Current concerns associated with microbiological, chemical, and physical hazards in the food supply are discussed. The book also considers how changes in technology and food processing might introduce new risks. Recommendations are made on steps for developing a coordinated, unified system for food safety. The book also highlights areas that need additional study. Ensuring Safe Food will be important for policymakers, food trade professionals, food producers, food processors, food researchers, public health professionals, and consumers.
This manual contains guidance on food safety standards for the catering industry, developed by the Scottish HACCP Working Group of the Scottish Food Enforcement Liaison Committee on behalf of the Food Standards Agency Scotland. The guidance builds on existing good practice and takes account of the requirements of European food safety legislation which requires that all food businesses apply food safety management procedures based on 'Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point' (HACCP) principles.
Popular Mechanics inspires, instructs and influences readers to help them master the modern world. Whether it’s practical DIY home-improvement tips, gadgets and digital technology, information on the newest cars or the latest breakthroughs in science -- PM is the ultimate guide to our high-tech lifestyle.
The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provides an up-to-date resource for information on legal ethics. Federal, state and local courts in all jurisdictions look to the Rules for guidance in solving lawyer malpractice cases, disciplinary actions, disqualification issues, sanctions questions and much more. In this volume, black-letter Rules of Professional Conduct are followed by numbered Comments that explain each Rule's purpose and provide suggestions for its practical application. The Rules will help you identify proper conduct in a variety of given situations, review those instances where discretionary action is possible, and define the nature of the relationship between you and your clients, colleagues and the courts.
The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is the premier public resource on scientific and technological developments that impact global security. Founded by Manhattan Project Scientists, the Bulletin's iconic "Doomsday Clock" stimulates solutions for a safer world.
A lot has happened since the first edition of 'A Practical Guide to the Law Relating to Food' was published in 2018. The United Kingdom has ceased to be a member of the European Union. This was mentioned in the concluding chapter of the first edition where I said: "Brexit creates uncertainty; businesses, and to some extent, consumers want to avoid uncertainty". We now have certainty in some respects. The UK has now left the EU and the regulatory and trading landscape between the two jurisdictions has changed in many ways. However, there remains much that is uncertain; the position of Northern Ireland being a prime example. Some of the present uncertainty has arisen from the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and this has created a double whammy of problems for businesses, regulators, advisers and particularly consumers. This updated edition highlights, and provide reference point for, some of the major changes to food law in Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland) arising from the UK being outside the EU. GB legislation required significant updating to take account of GB institutions such as the Food Standards Agency and Food Standards Scotland being responsible for matters relating to regulation and authorisations. Although Northern Ireland remains in the UK, it is currently subject to EU food law and therefore the substantive legal changes in that jurisdiction have been minimal. The early chapters of the book describe the legal and regulatory changes that have occurred in GB since 31 December 2020, particularly in respect of revisions to retained EU law and domestic food legislation and the authorisation process. Subsequent chapters focus on safety, hygiene, food information and nutrition and health claims and notes the changes made to domestic legislation. There follows a discussion about traceability, withdrawal and recalls, official controls and enforcement, prosecutions and sentencing. It is important to note that despite the major changes necessitated by the UK leaving the EU, much of the day-to-day activity has stayed the same. Food businesses are still obliged to produce safe food that is as described, competent authorities continue to inspect and enforce and the courts make decisions that affect businesses, authorities and consumers. The book does not lose sight of this and provides practical examples of a food poisoning incident, breaches of hygiene legislation, food information and claims as well as withdrawals and recalls, prosecutions and sentencing. As this is a practical guide to food law, it has not been possible to make any more than a passing reference to changes relating to customs and trade procedures. This book may be useful for anyone with a professional interest in food law and regulation whether as students, academics, business operators, workers in the food industry or legal and regulatory professionals. It may also be of interest to anyone who wants a general introduction to the way in which UK food law has developed and continues to develop since 1 January 2021. CONTENTS Chapter One - Food Law in the UK Chapter Two - The Regulation of Food Businesses and Foodstuffs Chapter Three - Food Safety Chapter Four - Food Hygiene Chapter Five - Food Information to Consumers Chapter Six - Nutrition and Health Claims Chapter Seven - Traceability, Withdrawal and Recalls Chapter Eight - Official Controls and Enforcement Chapter Nine - Criminal Prosecutions Chapter Ten - Sentencing Chapter Eleven - Conclusions and the Future for Food Law in the UK
A solid international consensus has emerged on the importance of nutrition for children’s development and well-being. At the Second International Conference on Nutrition (ICN2), the Member States of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) committed to developing policies, programmes and initiatives to ensure healthy diets throughout the children’s life cycle, emphasizing the potential of schools as platforms for integrated action. This Guide promotes a holistic and human rights-based approach to school food and nutrition, in which legislation is an indispensable tool to ensure the sustainability of public policy goals set by a country. In light of international law and standards, it provides practical information and guidance to develop or strengthen national legislation to improve food security and nutrition in schools as well as community development. The Guide presents a range of regulatory options and legislative examples of state practice that may contribute to building sound and coherent legal frameworks for school food and nutrition. It is a useful resource for law practitioners, policymakers, parliamentarians, and all actors who are involved in the design, implementation, or monitoring of school programmes and policies and most particularly, for those interested in taking legislative action (law-making or law reform).
The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is the premier public resource on scientific and technological developments that impact global security. Founded by Manhattan Project Scientists, the Bulletin's iconic "Doomsday Clock" stimulates solutions for a safer world.