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That a link exists between a country's legal system and the size, liquidity, and value of its capital markets is well established. We study how differences in country-level governance impact the underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOs). Examining 4,462 IPOs across 29 countries from 2000-2004, we find the surprising result that underpricing is higher in countries with corporate governance that strengthens the position of investors relative to insiders. We conjecture that when countries give outsiders more influence, IPO issuers underprice more to generate excess demand for the offer, which in turn leads to greater ownership dispersion and reduces outsiders' incentives to monitor the behavior of corporate insiders. In other words, underpricing is a cost that insiders pay to maintain control in countries with legal systems designed to empower outsiders. Consistent with this control motivation for underpricing, we find that underpricing has a negative association with post-IPO outside blockholdings and a positive association with private control benefits. In addition, firms whose insiders are entrenched either by majority ownership or dual-class structures do not underprice more in countries with better governance. In these firms, the ownership structure protects managers from outside influence, eliminating the incentive to increase outside ownership dispersion through underpricing.
The short-run price performance of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) indicates that the prices are often underpriced which is widely documented as a universal phenomenon. This phenomenon was first documented in the finance literature by Stoll and Curley (1970), Logue (1973) and Ibbotson (1975). To test the underpricing phenomenon, most researchers used the first listing day average return (Chan, Wang & Wei 2004; Chang et al. 2008; Dimovski & Brooks 2005; Finn & Higham 1988; Ibbotson, Sindelar & Ritter 1994; Lee, Taylor & Walter 1996; Loughran & Schultz 2006; Moshirian, Ng & Wu 2010; Omran 2005; Ritter 1987). Corporate governance refers to the set of systems, principles, and processes by which a company is governed. Establishing good corporate governance system in an IPO company makes good decisions which attract more outside investors.. Therefore, this study examines whether there is any impact of corporate governance practices on the short-run price performance of Sri Lankan IPOs. The study examined 44 fixed price IPOs which were listed on the Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) during the period of 2003 - January to 2015- December. The study found that Sri Lankan IPOs underprice by 30% on AR, which is statistically significant at 5% level. Further, it found that block holder ownership (ownership concentration), CEO duality and existence of the non-executive directors in the board are positively related to the short-run underpricing, which are statistically significant at 5%. But, the board size has a significant negative impact on underpricing. These relationships are in line with the international literature, which confirms that the corporate governance practices have a significant impact on the short-run price performance of IPOs in Sri Lanka. This findings also support the agency and signaling theories.
The Initial Public Offering (IPO) marks one of the most important events of a company. Basically, the aim is to generate maximum proceeds by selling the company’s shares to investors. However, the shares that are sold seem to be underpriced as the price significantly soars on the first trading day. Since the very first detection of this phenomenon in the United States in 1969, several subsequent studies have documented the existence of worldwide IPO underpricing. This study focuses on IPO Underpricing in the European and United States Stock Markets by outlining and discussing the following essential issues: What is underpricing in the context of the IPO? Which motivations are there and how do they impact? Is there IPO underpricing in the markets of Europe and the United States of America?
Research Question/Issue: What is the relationship between governance, tone in language and underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOs) in Latin America.Research Findings/Insights: First, we find empirical evidence for the link between uncertainty in tone in the IPO prospectus and the level of underpricing. Second, we do not find that governance provisions at the country level explain IPO underpricing. Third, governance mechanisms at the firm level, such as board size and independence, are significant in explaining underpricing. Fourth, when interacting with uncertainty in tone, corporate governance variables at the firm level display stronger (board size) or weaker (board independence) marginal effects. Finally, we find lower levels of underpricing for family firms compared to non-family firms.Theoretical/Academic Implications: Bigger boards seem to lead to greater underpricing while more independent boards mitigate it. This finding stresses the relevance of functional convergence in regions with weak institutions. Our results also suggest that tone in communications matter more for underpricing than governance. We argue that this could be due to the minimum corporate governance provisions at the firm level that firms need to meet before going public. Practitioner/Policy Implications: Our results suggest that tone in firm communications is relevant for market valuation. In the context of family firms, we show that reputation effect is priced by the market valuation of the IPO.
Praise for International and U.S. IPO Planning "Perhaps the greatest value of Frederick Lipman's new book on initial public offerings derives as its title indicates from the emphasis that it places on planning. Lipman makes abundantly clear that an IPO is not something to be rushed into by every fledgling firm, as was typical during the dot.com boom of the late 1990s. Indeed, his extensive treatment of the many aspects of preparing a company for an IPO, particularly the non financial aspects, helps the reader to focus on the most important question of all: Is an IPO appropriate for a given company? Somewhat uniquely, Lipman then asks the further question of whether an international IPO might be appropriate for that company even if a domestic one were not. By doing so, he has made a real contribution to this literature." Kenneth C. Froewiss, Clinical Professor of Finance, NYU Stern School of Business "We are operating in a global environment in nearly every aspect of business, and structuring/planning for an IPO is no different. The recent changes in regulations for U.S.- listed companies have raised the cost of access of U.S.-listed IPO capital, making foreign exchanges much more attractive. Fred Lipman has created a wonderful guide for managers to seriously access this option for their business. I also hope his book is a wake-up call to U.S. regulators on their impact on the competitiveness of U.S. securities markets." Bob Hellman, Managing Partner & CEO, American Infrastructure MLP Funds "This book will be of immense value to the companies planning an IPO. I am particularly struck by the research done by the author, which, in my opinion, makes it an authentic guide for private companies not only in the U.S. but also in Asia, particularly India and China, where a huge opportunity awaits companies to mature into sustainable enterprises by involving a large section of society in their IPO." M.K. Chouhan, Chairman, Mahendra & Young Knowledge Foundation, and Vice Chairman of Global Advisory Board, Asian Centre for Corporate Governance "This book contains valuable suggestions for advanced planning for both U.S. and international IPOs and belongs in the library of every entrepreneur and business executive." William C. Tyson, Associate Professor, Legal Studies, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania 8 crucial steps to planning a successful IPO International and U.S. IPO Planning outlines the eight step-by-step techniques all private companies must follow to prepare for a successful IPO, either in the U.S. or internationally. From advance planning techniques for both an international and U.S. IPO, to growing a business through acquisitions and "roll-ups" prior to an IPO, to deterring unwanted suitors by inserting carefully placed provisions into the charter, and so much more, International and U.S. IPO Planning provides a wealth of practical and insightful guidance to help the private company go public, regardless of its size or location.
Advances in Financial Economics Vol. 16 contains a set of empirical papers by a set of global scholars who examine corporate governance and market regulation from a variety of perspectives.
Master's Thesis from the year 2010 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, grade: 1,3, Munich Business School University of Applied Sciences, language: English, abstract: The economical development is improving and world trade volumes are expected to recover. The recorvery process is developing constantly but slowly: Share prices have rebounded within 2009, worldwide trade volumes have recovered slightly and are expected to catch up with values from the end of 2008 during the next year (cf. OECD 2009). The world is recovering from one of the most severe economic downturns since The Great Depression. Comparing GDP volumes from the previous period at the same time, OECD countries lost up to 2%. As a logical consequence the U.S. IPO market has been affected by the economic meltdown as well. "IPO activity tends to cluster in certain time periods, thus it appears in waves, so-called hot IPO markets" (Hamer 2007, 9). From 2007 to 2008 th e number of IPOs decreased. The U.S. market broke down by more than 85% in one year. In 2007 there were 160 IPOs whereas in 2008 21 securities went public fort the first time (cf. Ritter 2010, 2). After the slowest year for IPOs since the 1970s, the market began to show signs of life again in 2009. The number of offerings increased by 21% although the offering value decreased by almost 15% (cf. PWC 2010). [...]
This thesis empirically investigates the effects of corporate governance on the cost of external equity. In particular, this thesis examines the association between the investor protection and IPOs underpricing. Employing a large sample of IPOs from 10 countries during 1991 and 2005, the results show that investor protection affects underpricing; especially, the legal enforcement. This thesis also finds evidence that IPOs in bank based economies experience lower underpricing than IPOs in market based economies. The finding also suggests that the legal enforcement and liability standard through securities law play a significant role in mitigating information asymmetry. Overall, this thesis empirically demonstrates, for the first time based on cross-country evidence, the importance of investor protection as well as the certification role of bank monitoring to the cost of external equity.
Master's Thesis from the year 2010 in the subject Business economics - Banking, Stock Exchanges, Insurance, Accounting, grade: 1,3, Munich Business School University of Applied Sciences, language: English, abstract: The economical development is improving and world trade volumes are expected to recover. The recorvery process is developing constantly but slowly: Share prices have rebounded within 2009, worldwide trade volumes have recovered slightly and are expected to catch up with values from the end of 2008 during the next year (cf. OECD 2009). The world is recovering from one of the most severe economic downturns since The Great Depression. Comparing GDP volumes from the previous period at the same time, OECD countries lost up to 2%. As a logical consequence the U.S. IPO market has been affected by the economic meltdown as well. "IPO activity tends to cluster in certain time periods, thus it appears in waves, so-called hot IPO markets" (Hamer 2007, 9). From 2007 to 2008 th e number of IPOs decreased. The U.S. market broke down by more than 85% in one year. In 2007 there were 160 IPOs whereas in 2008 21 securities went public fort the first time (cf. Ritter 2010, 2). After the slowest year for IPOs since the 1970s, the market began to show signs of life again in 2009. The number of offerings increased by 21% although the offering value decreased by almost 15% (cf. PWC 2010). [...]
Initial public offerings (IPOs), or new listings of companies on stock exchanges, are among the most important form of finance and generate considerable attention and excitement. They are used to raise capital or to monetize investments by the early generation of venture capital and other private investors. They are increasingly international in scope and reach, especially with non-American firms offering on American stock exchanges. This handbook provides a comprehensive overview of why companies list on stock exchanges, how IPOs are regulated, initially valued, and their performance in the short and long run. The first part examines the economics of IPOs, and offers statistics and regulatory insights from the United States and other countries around the world. The volume then covers mergers versus IPOs, as well as reverse mergers and special purpose acquisition companies. Part III analyzes institutional ties in IPOs, including analysts, investment banks, auditors, and venture capitalists. The fourth section provides international perspectives on IPOs from a number of countries around the world. Part V discusses alternatives to IPOs, including private marketplaces, and crowdfunding. Reflecting the range of disciplines that analyze IPOs, the contributors come from the fields of finance, international business and management, economics, and law. The chapters cover the latest information on a range of fundamental questions that are of interest to academics, practitioners, and policymakers alike.