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This study aims to improve knowledge of how suspended particulate matter (SPM) affects hydrophobic contaminant transport in the lower Columbia River and its estuary, using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as model compounds. It is hypothesized that PAHs are transported to the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM), a prime feeding zone in the Columbia estuary, where organisms encounter and consume contaminants adhered to particles as part of their diet. During a CMOP (Center for Coastal Margin Observation and Protection) cruise aboard the RV Barnes in August 2007, water samples were collected from sites throughout this study region. In addition, bi-monthly water samples were collected over a one-year period in coordination with the USGS NASQAN program. The PAH content and composition was analyzed in all samples and interpreted in perspective with the SPM concentration and particulate organic carbon content of the SPM. Results show that the dominant source of PAH to the study region is a characteristic suite of compounds derived from high temperature combustion. Perylene, a compound of yet to be determined natural origin, represents a PAH of comparable quantitative significance. These compounds are transported via riverborne SPM to the estuary and hydrodynamically trapped in the ETM with the trapping process operating somewhat differently between the two sources. The concentration of individual combustion PAHs measured in SPM from the Columbia River and its estuary exceed the thresholds of concern stipulated by environmental protection policies. Surprisingly, measured PAH levels are similar to those measured in other, far more industrialized river and estuarine systems around the world.
The relative influences of trans-Pacific and regional atmospheric transport on measured concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), PAH derivatives [Nitro- (NPAH) and Oxy-(OPAH)], organic carbon (OC), and Particulate Matter (PM) less than 2.5 [micro]m in diameter (PM2.5) were investigated in the Pacific Northwest, USA in 2010-2011. Ambient high volume PM2.5 air samples were collected at two sites in the Pacific Northwest: 1.) Mount Bachelor Observatory (MBO) in the Oregon Cascade Range (2763 m above sea level (asl)) and 2.) Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR) in the Columbia River Gorge (CRG) (954 m asl). Nine trans-Pacific transport events (7 in 2010 and 2 in 2011) were identified at MBO and three of these days had direct acting mutagenicity greater than the negative control. 2-MNAP, 1-MNAP, 2,6-DMNAP, 1,3-DMNAP, 2-MPHE, 1-MPHE, NAP, ACY, ACE, CHR+TRI, and BenzANT, were identified as potential molecular markers for regional transport at MBO. While RET, BghiP, 9-NPH, 3,NPH, 1-NP, 1,8-DNP, and BcdPYRO were identified as potential molecular markers for trans-Pacific transport at MBO. At CTUIR, NOx, CO2, and SO2 emissions from a 585 MW coal fired power plant, in Boardman OR, were found to be significantly positively correlated with PAH, OPAH, NPAH, OC, and PM2.5 concentrations. By comparing the Boardman Plant operational time frames when the plant was operating to when it was shut down, the plant was found to contribute a large percentage of the measured PAH (67%), NPAH (91%), OPAH (54%), PM2.5 (39%) and OC (38%) concentrations at CTUIR and the CRG prior to Spring 2011 and likely masked trans-Pacific atmospheric transport events to the CRG. Upgrades installed to the Boardman Plant in the spring of 2011 dramatically reduced the plant's contribution to PAH and OPAH concentrations (by ~72% and ~40%, respectively) at CTUIR and the CRG but not NPAH, PM2.5 or OC concentrations. Sixteen days in 2010, and only one day in 2011, had direct acting mutagenicity greater than the negative control at CTUIR.
This thesis presents a comprehensive analysis of the global health impacts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air, conducted on the basis of a high-resolution emission inventory, global chemical transport modeling, and probabilistic risk assessment. One of the main strengths of the thesis is the concentration downscaling process, which provides a linkage between emissions and exposure concentrations at a comparatively high resolution. Moreover, by focusing on individual susceptibility, the thesis proposes an instrumental revision of current risk assessment methodology and argues that, if individual susceptibility were not taken into consideration, the overall risk would be underestimated by 55% and the proportion of highly vulnerable populations would be underestimated by more than 90%.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), or polyarenes, are one of the largest and most structurally diverse class of organic molecules known. High percentages of polyarenes, representing a wide range of molecular sizes and structural types, are present in coal tars and petroleum residues. The major sources of PAHs are crude oil, coal and oil shale. The fuels produced from these fossil sources constitute the primary source of energy for the industrial nations of the world, and the petrochemicals from these raw materials are the basis of the synthetic fibre and plastics industries. PAHs are however, widespread pollutants and their impact on the environment and human health must be monitored and controlled. This book will review and assess our scientific understanding of the ecological exposure and effects PAHs have in different environments and habitats. It will accomplish this by taking the recipients of the pollution in the environment as starting points and working its way back through pathways to access what is required for our understanding of effects and rationale for control. Although this book will concentrate on ecological exposure of PAHs, the general impacts of PAHs on human populations will be touched upon. It is thought to be the first book to focus on the ecological aspects of PAHs.
This book deals with the sources, distribution, analytical methods, and monitoring of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the occupational environment. It is hoped that this book will make a contribution to understanding the formation and determination of PAH in work atmosphere and that it will make a particular contribution to occupational health projects. Much of the information given in this book has been generating in studies carried out in cooperation with the Norwegian aluminium industry.
This book describes the sources of water contamination by PAHs and their transportation and fate in natural aquatic systems. It then discusses, from the analytical chemist’s view, how to determine the presence of PAHs in water and wastewater, and the changes in PAH concentration during treatment processes. The text examines the removal of PAHs using membrane bioreactors and advanced sludge processes, highlighting results from both demonstration and full-scale plants. It also examines the presence of PAHs in conventional wastewater treatment plants, especially in sludge.
This volume concerns sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), their emission factors, and relative importance. It deals with exposure, uptake, metabolism, and detection of PAH in the human body. The volume contains an update of information in environmental and biochemical studies of PAH.