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This dissertation investigates groundwater-surface water interactions and stakeholder engagement for an unconfined aquifer in the Central Sands region of Wisconsin, USA. The study focuses on two surface water systems, the Little Plover River and Long Lake, which over the last several decades received much public attention related to consecutive years of low flows and water levels. The dissertation is comprised of four papers. The first paper applied collaborative modeling and scenario analysis using soil water balance and groundwater flow models to simulate stakeholder-identified water management scenarios in the Little Plover River basin under historically-informed dry, average, and wet weather conditions. The process provided a forum for solution-based discussion between multiple interest groups. Results compared impacts of ten scenarios on the Little Plover River and showed that scenarios must be applied in combination to have significant impacts on stream flows. The second paper applied qualitative research methods - group meetings, surveys, and individual interviews - to investigate stakeholder perspectives of groundwater flow models and the scenario analysis process in the Little Plover River basin. Narrative inquiry, a qualitative method that has not been applied to water resources research, elucidated key tensions that can be the focus of future collaborative modeling efforts. The third paper developed a method for reconstructing a long-term record of lake levels using personal photos along with aerial photos and available, but limited, monitoring data. The method resulted in reconstruction of an 80-year lake level record (1938-2017) showing a long-term lake level fluctuation of 9.4 feet over the record. The approach could be used to create datasets in areas that have little to no monitoring data. In addition, visual documentation of personal photos and aerial photos can build stakeholder trust in reconstructed long-term records. The final paper investigated lake-aquifer connectivity of Long Lake. Methods characterized the local hydrostratigraphy, calculated groundwater flow with a stable isotope water budget, and analyzed lake and groundwater levels and vertical gradients. Results from all methods showed the lake is well-connected to the surrounding aquifer, and how using multiple lines of evidence is a useful approach for investigating lake-aquifer connectivity.
The Silurian dolomite aquifer in northeastern Wisconsin has significant anthropogenic contamination. This upper aquifer is karsted in the study area, which, along with thin overlying unconsolidated sediments, contributes to water quality concerns, including viruses, excess nitrates, bacteria, and “brown water” incidents. Some wells in the northwestern portion of the county utilize the deeper, confined Cambrian-Ordovician sandstone aquifer, which is less susceptible to surface contamination. This aquifer has been increasingly utilized in parts of nearby counties for the past 30 years, however little is known about the groundwater chemistry of the aquifer in these areas. This study of 17 wells provides the first water quality analysis of the sandstone aquifer and its suitability to be used as an alternative water supply. The three primary objectives of this study, in order to overall improve our understanding of groundwater resources in and near Kewaunee County, were to analyze the usefulness of depth-to-bedrock maps, determine statistically significant predictors of depth-to bedrock map using soil properties, and to conduct a preliminary assessment of the groundwater quality of the deep, confined sandstone aquifer present in northeastern Wisconsin. The depth-to-bedrock map produced by Luczaj, Houghton and Shea (2019) (hereafter referred to as Luczaj et al. (2019)) yielded significant differences from historic maps. Statistical analyses showed many strong relationships, but also showed that the soil properties of interest cannot be used alone to definitively predict depth-to-bedrock. Piper plots of the confined sandstone aquifer show that the groundwater is of no dominant type, as cations exist in relatively equal proportions, as do anions, although some samples could be classified as sulfate type. Many samples exceeded various health standards, including strontium and radium. Despite various exceedances, the results reveal that the confined sandstone aquifer is a viable source of potable water in the study area along with a variety of treatment methods.
Interest in the use and development of our Nation's surface - and ground-water resources has increased significantly during the past 50 years. This work discusses field techniques for estimating water fluxes.
Selected papers from a symposium on A new Focus on Integrated Analysis of Groundwater-Surface Water Systems, held during the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics XXIV General Assembly in Perugia, Italy, 11-13 July 2007.