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For technical readers in the aviation and fuel industries, and in testing laboratories, explores the history and philosophy of the thermal stability of aviation fuel, and considerations during the fuel's manufacture, storage and transport, use, and assessment. The 13 papers, representing a number of
Various aspects of the thermal stability problem associated with the use of broadened-specification and nonpetroleum-derived turbine fuels are addressed. The state of the art is reviewed and the status of the research being conducted at various laboratories is presented. Discussions among representatives from universities, refineries, engine and airframe manufacturers, airlines, the Government, and others are presented along with conclusions and both broad and specific recommendations for future stability research and development. It is concluded that significant additional effort is required to cope with the fuel stability problems which will be associated with the potentially poorer quality fuels of the future such as broadened specification petroleum fuels or fuels produced from synthetic sources.
The paper traces the history of high temperature problems in aircraft jet fuel systems and outlines the parallel progress of fuel specifications to control the problems. The development of laboratory equipment to implement these controls is described together with the testing used to validate the control limits. Shortcomings of the various types of control equipment are reviewed.
Current aircraft turbine fuels do not present a significant problem with fuel thermal stability. However, turbine fuels with broadened properties or nonpetroleum-drived fuels may have reduced thermal stability because of their higher content of olefins, heteroatoms, and trace metals. Moreover, advanced turbine engines will increase the thermal stress on fuels because of their higher pressure ratios and combustion temperature. In recognition of the importance of this problem, NASA Lewis is currently engaged in a broadly-based research effort to better understand the underlying causes of fuel thermal degradation. Topics covered in this paper include: nature of fuel instability and its temperature dependence; methods of measuring the instability; chemical mechanisms involved in deposit formation; and instrumental methods for characterizing fuel deposits. Some preliminary thoughts on design approaches for minimizing the effects of lowered thermal stability are briefly discussed.