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Hace ya más de un siglo que la Psicología salió de los laboratorios; hoy la mayoría de los psicólogos realizan actividades profesionales que en general tienen que ver con la mejora de los niveles de calidad de vida y bienestar de las personas o con el aumento de su rendimiento en el contexto específico en que desarrolle su actividad (en el trabajo, en el estudio, en el deporte...) En cuanto a la forma, estas intervenciones pueden tomar alguna de las dos siguientes "apariencias": intervención clínica o acciones llevadas a cabo mediante programas. Independientemente de su formato, de su “apariencia”, estas actuaciones deben ser juzgadas tanto en cuento al libro de sus fines como en cuanto a los medios utilizados. En este sentido, la evaluación de las intervención, ha pasado, de ser un asunto perteneciente a la subjetividad de los técnicos, a constituirse en todo un conjunto de reglas y protocolos de acción que buscan garantizar la objetividad de los juicios y conclusiones que se obtienen en los proceso de evaluación. Hoy la evaluación de las intervenciones, ya sean tratamientos clínicos o programas sociales, exige un posicionamiento objetivo del evaluador y un uso riguroso de los medios utilizados para realizar el proceso evaluativo. En este sentido el principal objetivo del este libro es precisamente señalar y describir los elementos y las técnicas que pueden ayudar a los profesionales a realizar juicios objetivos, válidos y útiles sobre sus actuaciones.
Developing appropriate responses to an ageing population is recognized by policy makers throughout the developed world as a top priority, as is the vital contribution made by family caregivers. However, cultural, demographic and organizational differences between countries have encouraged diverse patterns of response to this common challenge. This book provides a systematic cross-cultural analysis of contemporary patterns and future trends in all major countries of the European Union. Additional interest is provided by including Poland emerging from the post- Communist block as the country at the forefront for joining the European Union. The book should be useful to European policy makers and academies involved in studying the health and social care needs of older people and the capacity, contribution and needs of family caregivers who provide care to older people. The book is also relevant for policy makers and researchers in other countries, mostly in North America and Australia who wish to study European approaches to supporting older people and family caregivers.
Surgery and pharmaceuticals are not the only effective procedures we have to improve our health. The natural human tendency to care for fellow humans, to support them with social networks, has proven to be a powerful treatment as well. As a result, the areas of application for social support intervention have expanded dramatically during the past 20 years. As these areas have expanded, so too has the literature on the theory and measurement of social support. Yet, the literature has focussed on very particular areas. Investigators in the social sciences have mainly focused on the protection that social support confers in the context of stressful life events and transitions, whereas studies in the health sciences have concentrated on the effects of social networks and supports on population mortality and morbidity. Although no single theoretical framework has been widely accepted, there is consensus that both the psychological sense of support and actual expressions of support play critical roles in maintaining health and well being. This book is a state-of-the-art resource for the selection and development of strategies for social support assessment and intervention. Designed for use by behavioral and medical scientists conducting studies of physical illness, psychological adjustment, and psychiatric illness in human populations, this volume presents a broad conceptual framework addressing the role of social support in mental and physical health. The book is divided into four sections. The first provides some historical context as well as a conceptual overview of how social support might influence mental and physical health. The second discusses techniques for measuring social networks and support, and the third addresses the design of different types of support interventions. The final section presents some general comments on the volume and its implications for social support research and intervention. This resource is meant to aid researchers in understanding the conceptual criteria on which measurement and intervention decisions should be made when studying the relations between social support and health. Furthermore, the information provided on both measurement and intervention will be valuable to practitioners interested in designing and evaluating prevention and treatment initiatives. Sponsored by the Fetzer Institute as a follow up to their successful 1995 publication, Measuring Stress, this book will provide the most up to date research on the effects of social support interventions on physical and mental health.
The Humanitarian Emergency Settings Perceived Needs Scale (HESPER) provides a quick, scientifically robust way of assessing the perceived serious needs of people affected by large-scale humanitarian emergencies, such as war, conflict or major natural disaster. Perceived needs are needs which are felt or expressed by people themselves and are problem areas with which they would like help. The HESPER Scale assesses a wide range of social, psychological and physical problem areas. However, it does not provide an answer as to whether, or how to, offer help. It simply identifies those serious problems that are common in a population. These problems should then be assessed and addressed in more detail. The HESPER Scale was developed by the World Health Organization and King's College London in order to fill several gaps in the humanitarian field. It enables needs assessments to be based directly on the views of people affected by humanitarian emergencies, and provides a more accurate picture of the serious problems with which the overall emergency-affected population wants help. This manual includes the HESPER Scale, as well as a detailed explanation of how to use the HESPER Scale, and how to organize, analyze and report on a HESPER survey.