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Real-time systems need to react to certain input stimuli within given time bounds. For example, an airbag in a car has to unfold within 300 milliseconds in a crash. There are many embedded safety-critical applications and each requires real-time specification techniques. This text introduces three of these techniques, based on logic and automata: duration calculus, timed automata, and PLC-automata. The techniques are brought together to form a seamless design flow, from real-time requirements specified in the duration calculus; via designs specified by PLC-automata; and into source code for hardware platforms of embedded systems. The syntax, semantics, and proof methods of the specification techniques are introduced; their most important properties are established; and real-life examples illustrate their use. Detailed case studies and exercises conclude each chapter. Ideal for students of real-time systems or embedded systems, this text will also be of great interest to researchers and professionals in transportation and automation.
This book presents state-of-the-art research results in the area of formal methods for real-time and fault-tolerant systems. The papers consider problems and solutions in safety-critical system design and examine how wellthe use of formal techniques for design, analysis and verification serves in relating theory to practical realities. The book contains papers on real-time and fault-tolerance issues. Formal logic, process algebra, and action/event models are applied: - to specify and model qualitative and quantitative real-time and fault-tolerant behavior, - to analyze timeliness requirements and consequences of faulthypotheses, - to verify protocols and program code, - to formulate formal frameworks for development of real-time and fault-tolerant systems, - to formulate semantics of languages. The integration and cross-fertilization of real-time and fault-tolerance issues have brought newinsights in recent years, and these are presented in this book.
Reactive systems are computing systems which are interactive, such as real-time systems, operating systems, concurrent systems, control systems, etc. They are among the most difficult computing systems to program. Temporal logic is a formal tool/language which yields excellent results in specifying reactive systems. This volume, the first of two, subtitled Specification, has a self-contained introduction to temporal logic and, more important, an introduction to the computational model for reactive programs, developed by Zohar Manna and Amir Pnueli of Stanford University and the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, respectively.
One of the key challenges in service-oriented systems engineering is the prediction and assurance of non-functional properties, such as the reliability and the availability of composite interorganizational services. Such systems are often characterized by a variety of inherent uncertainties, which must be addressed in the modeling and the analysis approach. The different relevant types of uncertainties can be categorized into (1) epistemic uncertainties due to incomplete knowledge and (2) randomization as explicitly used in protocols or as a result of physical processes. In this report, we study a probabilistic timed model which allows us to quantitatively reason about nonfunctional properties for a restricted class of service-oriented real-time systems using formal methods. To properly motivate the choice for the used approach, we devise a requirements catalogue for the modeling and the analysis of probabilistic real-time systems with uncertainties and provide evidence that the uncertainties of type (1) and (2) in the targeted systems have a major impact on the used models and require distinguished analysis approaches. The formal model we use in this report are Interval Probabilistic Timed Automata (IPTA). Based on the outlined requirements, we give evidence that this model provides both enough expressiveness for a realistic and modular specifiation of the targeted class of systems, and suitable formal methods for analyzing properties, such as safety and reliability properties in a quantitative manner. As technical means for the quantitative analysis, we build on probabilistic model checking, specifically on probabilistic time-bounded reachability analysis and computation of expected reachability rewards and costs. To carry out the quantitative analysis using probabilistic model checking, we developed an extension of the Prism tool for modeling and analyzing IPTA. Our extension of Prism introduces a means for modeling probabilistic uncertainty in the form of probability intervals, as required for IPTA. For analyzing IPTA, our Prism extension moreover adds support for probabilistic reachability checking and computation of expected rewards and costs. We discuss the performance of our extended version of Prism and compare the interval-based IPTA approach to models with fixed probabilities.
Providing a framework for modelling, specifying and verifying systems composed of real-time discrete event processes, this text combines a formal framework in computer science with applications in software and control engineering.
Self-concept and coping behaviour are important aspects of development in adolescence. Despite their developmental significance, however, the two areas have rarely been considered in relation to each other. This book is the first in which the two areas are brought together; it suggests that this interaction can open the way to new possibilities for further research and to new implications for applied work with adolescents. Two separate chapters review research carried out in each of the areas. These are followed by a series of more empirically focussed chapters in which issues such as changes in relationship patterns, difficult school situations, leaving school, use of leisure, anxiety and suicidal behaviour are examined in the context of self-concept and coping. The final chapter seeks to identify some of the central themes emerging from this work and discusses possible research and applied implications.
This volume contains the proceedings of FTRTFT 2002, the International S- posium on Formal Techniques in Real-Time and Fault-Tolerant Systems, held at the University of Oldenburg, Germany, 9–12 September 2002. This sym- sium was the seventh in a series of FTRTFT symposia devoted to problems and solutions in safe system design. The previous symposia took place in Warwick 1990, Nijmegen 1992, Lub ̈ eck 1994, Uppsala 1996, Lyngby 1998, and Pune 2000. Proceedings of these symposia were published as volumes 331, 571, 863, 1135, 1486, and 1926 in the LNCS series by Springer-Verlag. This year the sym- sium was co-sponsored by IFIP Working Group 2.2 on Formal Description of Programming Concepts. The symposium presented advances in the development and use of formal techniques in the design of real-time, hybrid, fault-tolerant embedded systems, covering all stages from requirements analysis to hardware and/or software - plementation. Particular emphasis was placed on UML-based development of real-time systems. Through invited presentations, links between the dependable systems and formal methods research communities were strengthened. With the increasing use of such formal techniques in industrial settings, the conference aimed at stimulating cross-fertilization between challenges in industrial usages of formal methods and advanced research. Inresponsetothecallforpapers,39submissionswerereceived.Eachsubm- sion was reviewed by four program committee members assisted by additional referees. At the end of the reviewing process, the program committee accepted 17 papers for presentation at the symposium.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Formal Techniques in Real-Time and Fault-Tolerant Systems, FTRTFT'98, held in Lyngby, Denmark, in September 1998. The 22 revised full papers presented were carefully selected and reviewed for inclusion in the book. Also included are four invited contributions and five tool demonstrations. The papers address the current aspects of the hot topic of embedded systems, in particular temporal logic, requirements engineering, analysis techniques, verification, model checking, and applications.
The first book to provide a comprehensive overview of the subject rather than a collection of papers. The author is a recognized authority in the field as well as an outstanding teacher lauded for his ability to convey these concepts clearly to many different audiences. A handy reference for practitioners in the field.
Time is a fascinating subject and has long since captured mankind's imagination, from the ancients to modern man, both adult and child alike. It has been studied across a wide range of disciplines, from the natural sciences to philosophy and logic. Today, thirty plus years since Prior's work in laying out foundations for temporal logic, and two decades on from Pnueli's seminal work applying of temporal logic in specification and verification of computer programs, temporal logic has a strong and thriving international research community within the broad disciplines of computer science and artificial intelligence. Areas of activity include, but are certainly not restricted to: Pure Temporal Logic, e. g. temporal systems, proof theory, model theory, expressiveness and complexity issues, algebraic properties, application of game theory; Specification and Verification, e. g. of reactive systems, ofreal-time components, of user interaction, of hardware systems, techniques and tools for verification, execution and prototyping methods; Temporal Databases, e. g. temporal representation, temporal query ing, granularity of time, update mechanisms, active temporal data bases, hypothetical reasoning; Temporal Aspects in AI, e. g. modelling temporal phenomena, in terval temporal calculi, temporal nonmonotonicity, interaction of temporal reasoning with action/knowledge/belief logics, temporal planning; Tense and Aspect in Natural Language, e. g. models, ontologies, temporal quantifiers, connectives, prepositions, processing tempo ral statements; Temporal Theorem Proving, e. g. translation methods, clausal and non-clausal resolution, tableaux, automata-theoretic approaches, tools and practical systems.